ports. Petroleum deposits have been found, the discovery in most cases having been accidental, occurring when artesian wells were drilled. According to the latest information available in 1920, about 215,000 acres were planted in coffee trees. Early estimates of the 1919-20 crop placed the harvest at 40,000 to 50.000 teus, à record crop. The districts of Santa Tecla and Sonsonate and the other provinces where the coffee trees were destroyed by the ashes from the volcano during the great earthquake of 1917 appeared to have derived fresh vigor from the ashes. Sugar is raised around Sonsonate and to some extent on the uplands. The 1919 sugar crop was an abundant one. Salvador is developing industrially and besides supplying many articles needed for domestic consumption it is beginning to export certain manufactured products to neighboring Latin American countries. The output of local mills embraces cotton and silk fabrics, shawls, scarfs and handkerchiefs, leather goods, such as harness, saddles, and shoes, fibre goods. including rope, hammocks, native woven straw hats, and baskets, simply made furniture and musical instruments, cigars and cigarettes, sugar, candy, rum, beer, and lumber. Electric power for industrial plants is obtained from the rivers of Salvador. Stock raising is an important industry, though the grazing land of the country is necessarily limited by the dense population. Ranchers have been giving more attention to improved breeds.

COMMERCE. The following tables show the values of imports and exports by countries in the four-year period, 1915 to 1918, inclusive. Cotton goods have been the largest import and coffee has made up about four-fifths of the exports.

United States United Kingdom

France

Italy

Spain

Japan

China

Denmark

Sweden

Netherlands

Germany

Chile

Panama

Mexico

All other countries

Total

Countries of Origin

RAILWAYS. Railways open to traffic in 1918 had a length of 213 miles, all narrow gauge. During 1920 it was announced that the construction of a railway connecting central Guatemala with Salvador, which was postponed during the World War, would be undertaken again. This line will connect with the railway within which runs from Barrios, on the Atlantic, to San Jose, on the Pacific, and in this way would give Salvador direct rail communication with an Atlantic port. The new line was estimated to be 157 miles long and would cost between $7,000,000 and $8,000,000. Some three years would be required for its construction.

SHIPPING. In 1917 the vessels entered and cleared numbered 355 with a tonnage of 520,759. In that year 72 per cent of the foreign trade of Salvador in 1917 was carried in vessels flying the American flag, 255 of the 354 ships entering Salvadorean ports in that year having sailed from the United States; 20 ships were under the British flag; 18 were Norwegian; 13 Salvadorean; 5 Cuban; 5 Honduran and 1 Nicaraguan. The number of passengers entering was 1605 and the number leaving was 1766. Two-thirds of the passenger traffic was at the port of Acajutla.

FINANCE. In 1919 the total value of government revenues was 13,432,337 colones, and the expenditures were 13,704,263 colones. British authority was: The budget for 1919-20, according to a Revenues £1,670,056; expenditures, £1,692,692; the foreign debt according to a message of the President, was on Dec. 31, 1919, 12,292,576 colones, and the domestic debt, 12,203,240 colones.

The representatives of Salvadore participating in the movement for the unity of the five Central American states attended the meeting at Antigua, Guatemala, November 1. The Salvador

1,175,421

90,428

162,660

1,420,184

1,217,951

210,312

1915

$ 3,715,551 415,747 1,098,312

927,921

51,882 609,162

1,542,787 854,630 1,127,043

$ 4,102,410

67,253 2,779,179

$ 6,427,376

172,600

$10,547,050

100,920 53,315 19,690

2,235,160

998,600

48,420

361,590

eans subsequently proposed that if all five republics were unable to enter at once, a union should be formed by those who wished it immediately. See GUATEMALA.

GOVERNMENT, ETC. Executive power is in a president elected for four years, and legislative power in a Congress of 42 deputies elected for one year by universal suffrage. President in 1920, Don Jorge Melendez.

SALZBURG. Before the disruption of the Austro-Hungarian Empire a crown-land of Austria; lying to the east and north of Tirol and bordered on the north by Germany. Area, 2763 square miles; pop. estimated in 1913, at 221,304. According to the census of 1910, the Austrian subjects numbered 208,562, nearly all German, and the Catholics formed 98.7 per cent of the pop. Capital, Salzburg, with a pop. estimated in 1910 at 37,300.

SALVATION ARMY. The Salvation Army is a religious body, existing in two phases, the evangelistic, which is the primary, and the social relief, which was made necessary by the evangelistic, and which operates to give permanency to many of its most important results. It was founded by the late Gen. William Booth, in London, in 1865, and was first known as The Christian Mission. Its present name was adopted in 1878. It derives its name from the fact that it works for "the salvation of mankind from all forms of moral, spiritual, and temporal distress." Its government is "military in form and its tactics militant and aggressive." It was incorporated in the State of New York in 1899. During the year 1919, a change in method of financing resulted in greatly increased efficiency of the Army's machinery through the introduction of the Home Service Fund which the American public has generously supported. The Army continues to perform with the American Forces in Germany such welfare work as was conducted in 1918. Much of the war work adjacent to the permanent camps at home, which was originally considered as being but temporary, has so commended itself to the authorities as to require the placing of it upon a permanent basis. Child Welfare Work was carried forward in many institutions, the largest of which is the Lytton Springs Orphanage, and Industrial Farm in California, where the child population was nearly 300.

The latest available statistics (for the year ending Sept. 30, 1919) show that there were in the United States: 963 corps and outposts, 3042 officers and cadets, 152,450 indoor meetings held with a 5,949,454 attendance, 117,599 outdoor meetings with an 18,018,440 attendance, 32,738 converts, 63,968 junior meetings with an 1,869,994 attendance, 55 hotels where 1,101,700 beds were supplied and 371,334 meals supplied, 84 industrial homes where 1,498,887 meals and 518,142 beds were supplied, 11 posts and nurseries in the slums, 26 rescue homes and maternity hospitals, where 1,307,328 meals and 436,117 beds were supplied, 3 children's homes where 394,548 meals were supplied, and 201,760 Christmas dinners were supplied.

In its international characters the following figures are given for the year ending December, 1918:

Headquarters of the Army are at 120 West 14th Street, New York City.

SAMOA. A group of islands in the Pacific near latitude 14° south, of which the islands east of 171° east longitude have belonged to the United States since February 13, 1900, and the islands to the west of that line belonged to Germany till after the outbreak of the war in 1914, when they passed into the hands of New Zealand. The area of the latter group is variously estimated at from 990 to 1300 square miles with a pop. estimated in 1920 at about 35,000, the number having been reduced by loss of about 8,000 lives during the influenza epidemic of 1918 and 1919. According to the census of 1917, the Europeans numbered 1668 of whom 660 were British, 530 Germans, 236 Americans, and 42 Swedes. The area of the American group is also variously estimated at from 77 to about 100 square miles, with a pop. according to the United States Census, January, 1920, of 8,324. The chief island, Tutuila (area 55 square miles) is mountainous and well wooded and had a pop. in 1916 of 5,885. Its harbor at Pago-Pago on the southern coast is one of the best and safest in the South Seas and is an important naval station. Imports from the United States in 1920, exclusive of the precious metals, were $275,095; exports to the United States in 1919, $82,269.

SAMOS. One of the Anatolian Islands, formerly tributary to Turkey, but occupied by Greece during the late war and administered through a Greek prefect. Area about 181 square miles; pop. estimated in 1913 at 68,949. Capital, Vathy, with a pop. of about 8000.

SANDAY, WILLIAM. British theologian, died at Oxford, England, September 16. He was born in Nottingham, Aug. 1, 1843, graduated with honors at Oxford where he became a fellow: was ordained in 1867, and after a short period of parochial service became principal of Bishop Hatfield's Hall, Durham. In 1883 he was made professor of exegesis which chair he held till 1895 when he was elected to the Lady Margaret professorship. He made an elaborate study of the life of Christ and the theological problems involved in it. Among his theological writings may be mentioned The Life of Christ in Recent Research (1907); Christologies, Ancient and Modern (1910); Personality in Christ and in Ourselves (1911); and The Primitive Church and Reunion (1913). During the war he wrote Deeper Causes of the War (1914), and The Meaning of the War for Germany and Great Britain (1915).

SANDON, MATHIAS. See PAINTING AND SCULPTURE.

SANFORD, MARILLA.

66 40

10,591 1,246

tired, she was professor of rhetoric and elocution at the University of Minnesota.

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. See CITY PLANNING; MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP.

SANITATION. See GARBAGE, AND WATER-WORKS.

SEWERAGE

SANTO DOMINGO. See DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.

SAO THOME AND PRINCIPE. Two islands belonging to Portugal, off the coast of French Equatorial Africa, in the Gulf of Guinea. Area, 363 square miles; pop. in 1914, 58,907, of whom 53,969 were in Sao Thomé. The whites numbered 1570. The chief products are cocoa, coffee, rubber and cinchona.

SARAWAK. A British protectorote comprising the northwestern part of the island of Borneo, with an area of about 42,000 square miles and a pop. estimated at about 600,000 Capital, Kuching, with a pop. of about 25,000. In 1919 the imports were: $20,265,281 and the exports $23,957,953. The chief products are: Spices, sago, rubber, gold, and diamonds. Nuts, camphor, coal, antimony, rattan, etc., are also produced. The gold production in 1918, was valued at $808,100. The output of coal in the same year was 42,972 tons. Petroleum is worked by an English company. The trade is chiefly with Singapore. The government was under the late Rajah, Sir James Brooke, who was sueceeded May 17, 1917, by his son, Charles Vyner Brooke. British agent for Sarawak and British North Borneo, and High Commissioner for Brunei in 1920, Sir Lawrence N. Guillemard (governor of the Straits Settlements).

SASKATCHEWAN. One of the Prairie Provinces of Canada, having Alberta on the west, and Manitoba on the east, and extending from Montana and North Dakota, to the Northwest Territories. Capital, Regina. Estimated 251,700 square miles; population (1916), 647,835. Population of Regina (1916), 26,105. Lieutenantgovernor in 1920, Sir Richard S. Lake; prime minister, W. M. Martin. SeeCANADA.

area,

colonial possessions showed total deposits on June 30, 1920, to the amount of $139,208,954. The balance to the credit of depositors on June 30, 1919, was $167,323,260 and the withdrawals during the year amounted to $149,255,892, leaving a net balance to the credit of depositors on June 30, 1920, of $157,276,322. The net increase in deposits during the year was $2,518,832. The number of depositors on June 30, 1920, 508,508, a decrease during the year of 57,001, and the amount due each depositor was $309.29, an average gain of $13.41. The aggregate assets of the system on June 30, 1920, were $163,064,171.56 compared with $173,353,650.59 on June 30, 1919.

was

SAVINGS INSTITUTIONS IN THE WORLD. The table on page 612 shows statistics of savings banks and postal savings systems in the principal countries of the world.

SAXONY. A term applied to the three following divisions of the former German empire: (1) The Kingdom (proclaimed a republic in November, 1918) of Saxony, which was the third largest constituent state of the empire; (2) the grand duchy of Saxony or Saxe-Weimar (also proclaimed a republic, and at the end of 1919 united with the new state of Thuringia, q.v.); (3) the province of Saxony in Prussia. Area of the former kingdom of Saxony, 5787 square miles; population (1910) 4,806,661; estimated (1914) 4,984,500. Area of the grand duchy, 1,394 square miles; population (1910) 417,149. Area of Prussian province, 9,756 square miles; population (1910) 3,089,275. In industry, the kingdom of Saxony is surpassed only by the leading industrial provinces of Prussia. The chief crops are: Wheat, rye, barley, oats, and potatoes. Prime minister in 1920, Herr Buck, elected April 27. See GERMANY. SCABIES. See VETERINARY MEDICINE. See PHILOLOGY; SCAN

SAURET, EMILE. French violinist, died in London, England, February 12. He was born in Cher in 1852 and studied at the Paris Conservatory and at Brussels. He taught in Berlin in 1880-81 and in 1890 was appointed professor of the violin at the London Royal Academy of Music. He was connected with the Ziegfeld Conservatory in Chicago from 1893 to 1906 and made frequent tours throughout the United States. He returned to London in 1908. Besides many musical pieces for the violin, he wrote a text-book for violinists.

SAVANNAH, GA. See GARBAGE. SAVINGS BANKS. In June, 1920, there were 620 mutual savings banks in operation in the United States and 1087 stock savings banks. Of the mutual savings banks all but 24 were in the New England and Eastern States. Their total assets were $5,619,017,000. Their business as measured by assets increased during the fiscal year, $447,466,000 or about 9 per cent. Of stock savings banks the assets amounted to $1,506,413,000, an increase of $25,159,000 during the fiscal year. See table accompanying article

STATE BANKS.

UNITED STATES POSTAL SAVINGS SYSTEM. Returns summarized in the report of the Comptroller of the Currency for the postal savings system in operation in the United States and its

Scandinavian countries for the year was charac terized by an increase in poetry and a general tendency towards idealism.

DANISH. DRAMA. In Einar Christiansen's Thronfølger (The Crown Prince) the hero symbolizes civilization in its degeneration. Emil Bønnelycke's Den Troskyldige (The Credulous One) portrays the conflict between the idealism of a poet and his prosaic surroundings. In Dybet (The Abyss) Carl Gandrup depicts a woman who makes life desolate for her three lovers as well as for herself. Helge Rode touches the Jewish race problem in En Mand gik ned fra Jerusalem (A Man Went Down from Jerusalem). Gudmundar Kamban's Vi Mordere (We Murderers), shows an intimate knowledge of human nature. Although the scene is laid in New York, the characters are European rather than Ameri

can.

POETRY. A great deal of poetry was written, particularly lyrics, most of it, however, of inferior quality. L. C. Nielsen's Sange ved Solnedgang (Songs at Sunset), expresses an optimism arrived at through the conquest of despair, while the optimism found in Ludwig Holstein's Ebletid (Apple Season), impresses us as being natural with the author. Harold Bergstedt's Bredere Vinger (Broader Wings), contains some exceptionally good poetry. but on the whole it is not up to the author's earlier works.

178,905,000 Mar. 1, 1917 20,500,000 5,814,000 3,880,000 Dec. 31, 1915 (Nov. 20, 1917 42,279,000{ Dec. 31, 1917 244,268,000 Mar. 31, 1919 5,274,000 Mar. 31, 1920 Dec. 31, 1918 1,174,000 Mar. 31, 1920 Mar. 31, 1919 8,361,000 Mar. 31, 1917 7,144,000 Mar. 31, 1919

Dec. 31, 1918 do

do

do

do

Date of Population Report 8,574,000 Oct. 18, 1917 Dec. 31, 1913 28,763,000 Dec. 31, 1917 Dec. 31, 1912 7,571,000 4,338,000 Dec. 31, 1911 3,946,000 Dec. 31, 1918 2,921,000 Mar. 31, 1918 12,751,000 Dec. 31, 1918 ( Dec. 31, 1915 3,301,000 Dec. 31, 1916

{

do

do

39,602,000 Dec. 31, 1918 5,564,000 Dec. 31, 1913 1,953,000 Dec. 31, 1918

Communal and private savings banks.
Postal savings banks, savings department.
Postal savings banks, check department.
Government savings banks.

Communal and private savings banks.
Postal savings banks.
Public savings banks.

Communal and corporate savings banks.
Postal savings banks.
Private savings banks.
Postal savings banks.
Private savings banks.
Postal savings banks.
Municipal savings banks.
Postal savings banks.

66,715,000 Dec. 31, 1916 Public and corporate savings banks. Dec. 31, 1909 Communal and private savings banks.

36,740,000

21,410,000 Dec. 31, 1917 Postal savings banks, savings department. Dec. 31, 1913 Postal savings banks, check department, J Dec. 31, 1917 Communal and corporate savings banks. Dec. 31, 1918 Postal savings banks. Dec. 31, 1916 Private savings banks. 56,350,000 Mar. 31, 1918 Postal savings banks. (Dec. 31, 1912 Private savings banks. 3,671,000 Mar. 31, 1918 Postal savings banks. 17,413,000 Mar. 31, 1919 Postal savings banks. 268,000 Mar. 31, 1914 State savings banks. Dec. 31, 1917 Private savings banks. Dec. 31, 1918 Postal savings banks. (Dec. 31, 1914 Private savings banks. 47,204,000 Dec. 31, 1918 Postal savings banks. 89,000 Dec. 31, 1915 Postal savings banks. 57,000 Dec. 31, 1916 Postal savings banks.

6,779,000

1,291,041,227

294.42

44.89

2,495,584

57,235,850

22.93

1.99

150,240

418,823,510

2,787.70

14.56

3,013,296

204,147,391

67.75

26.96

49,794

11,854,503

238.07

1.57

312,462

8,797,965

28.16

In Niels Møller's Egelunden (The Oak Grove), we find poems from a period of more than 20 years, some indicative of deep thought, others written in easy and playful vein. Among them are several translations. The reflections in Edith Rode's Digte (Poems), seem to be of an autobiographical character. In De evige Ting (The Eternal Things), Otto Gelstedt shows a gain in firmness and style.

FICTION. Gunnar Gunnarson's Salige er de Enfaldige (Blessed are the Simple), is a powerful Icelandic story full of gloom and misery. Richard Gandrup's Macpela's Hule (Macpela's Cave), treats of the estrangement of a man and wife caused by outside influence. Thomas Olesen Løkken made his debut with Bonden Niels Hald (Farmer Niels Hald), which tells the story of a Jutlander who has noble ambitions for improving the conditions of himself and his fellow farmers. His motives are, however, misunderstood, he is indiscreet in his methods and ends in absolute ruin. Syndefaldet (The Fall), is a third story of the series Ditte Menneskebarn, by Martin Andersen-Nexø. In Bruden (The Bride), Oscar Thyregod shows how a woman leading a sad and sordid existence through her romantic imagination casts a glimmer of happiness over herself and her surroundings.

MISCELLANEOUS. Georg Brandes published his Taler (Addresses). Paul Tuxen gave us a translation of Dhammapada, a collection of proverbs from India. The notes are particularly helpful and scholarly.

NORWEGIAN. Poetry. Herman Wildenvey's Alle slags vers (All Kinds of Poetry), shows a certain merriment, but no very deep poetic feeling. In Samlede digte (Collected Poems), Olaf Bull published his poems from the last 10 years, all of them expressive of a strong Northern spirit. Nils Collett Vogt published a collection of selected poems.

FICTION. The problem treated by Johan Bojer in Dyrendal, is the effect on a woman of a childless marriage. Kristofer Uppdal's Higeren (The Climber). is highly lyric and subjective. The author succeeds in making us feel the personality of his character and the reality of the events that he relates. Olav Duun's I blinda (Ye Blind Ones), a sequel of last year's Juvikingar, pictures the breaking down of an old family with its traditions and ancestral worship. In Guldkappen (The Golden Cloak), Barbra Ring tells the story of a woman who leaving her faithless husband engages in one task after another, always with success. The race referred to in the title of Kristian Elster's Av skyggenes slegt (Of the Shadows' Race), is the official class which is gradually being displaced by the farmers. The characterization is particularly good.

LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY. Anathon Aal wrote, Filosofien i Norden (Philosophy in Scandinavia). The method of treatment is somewhat original, but the part devoted to Swedish philosophy is rather unsatisfactory. Gunnar Heiberg's Francke visitter (French Visits), contains a number of articles full of wit and inspiration, mostly on Danish and Norwegian writers.

SWEDISH. ᎠᎡᎪᎷᎪ. The ominous atmosphere which pervades Carl R. af Uggla's Den döda (The Dead One), reminds us of Mæterlink. The structure of the play is that of the ancient drama. Lamporna (The Lamps), by the same author is a dream play on the Faust-Margaret theme. It typifies the victory of the life of ideas over

the passive, sterile, and formal. August Brunius wrote three comedies.

POETRY. Ruben G. Berg's September, shows the influence of Goethe and Heidenstam. Hjalmar Lundgren in Kiamé och medaljong (Cameo and Medallion), returns to the spirit of Gustavus III. His poetry, however, gives the impression of artificiality and bookishness. In Vindros (The Compass Card), Sigfrid Siwertz shows a great facility in changing his verse to suit different subjects and to give expression to various moods. Albert Henning's Meditationer (Meditations), shows a leaning toward Romanticism. It expresses a longing away from the world of things and sensations to that of ideas and recalls Stagnelius. The chief characteristic of Erik Lindorm's Domedagar (Judgment Days), is its broad humanitarianism.

FICTION. In Dan Andersson's David Ramms are (The Inheritance of David Ramm), we see the gradual development of insanity. The book gives the effect, however, of a number of lyric expressions of different characters rather than that of a continuous story. The lack of totality is also characteristic of Hjalmar Bergman's Makurells i Wadköping (Makurell's in Wadköping). The central point of the story is the discovery by Makurell that the son for whom he has been living is really not his son. In Simonas kärlek (Simona's Love), Ivan Bjarne treats the possibilities of the fallen woman as a wife. Ilin Wagner's Den befriade kärleken (Love Liberated), and Gertrud Almquist's Det törstande folket (The Thirsting People), both deal, though from different points of view, with the conflict between earthly love and religious conviction. Bertil Malmberg, whose work has hitherto been restricted to poetry, wrote Fiskebyn (The Fishing Village). Books inspired by the war are: Carl Bolander's Hotell Europa, which ends in despair of finding a solution for the ills of the world; Henry Mathis's Livets lekar (Games of Life), which seems to preach an unlimited optimism in spite of all evils, and Pär Lagerkvist's Kaos (Chaos), which, in addition to its stories contains poetry and a drama.

CRITICISM, ETC. Johan Vising wrote a book on Camões, the national poet of Portugal. In Det röda zarriket (The Red Country of the Tzar), Per Brusewitz gives his impressions from a journey through Russia.

SCHIERBRAND, WOLF VON. GermanAmerican writer, died in New York City, December 1. He was born at Dresden, Germany, in 1851, and came to the United States in 1872. Going into journalism, he was on the staff of papers in Chicago, St. Louis, and other cities, and from 1884 to 1891 he was correspondent of the Associated Press at Berlin. Among his works may be mentioned: America, Asia, and the Pacific; Germany; The Welding of a World Power; and Australia, the Polyglot Empire.

SCHIFF, JACOB HENRY. American financier, died in New York City September 25. He was among the most eminent financiers and philanthropists in this country. He was born in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Jan. 10, 1847, of Jewish parentage and came to the United States in 1865, settling in New York. He was at first a bank clerk, then a junior member of a brokerage firm acquiring a considerable capital; and after his marriage in 1875 with the daughter of Solomon Loeb he went into the firm of Kuhn, Loeb and Company of which he became the head in 1885,