THE FIVE GREAT NAVIES. VESSELS BUILT AND BUILDING Numbers and Tonnage, March 1, 1920

provided for to prevent a check in submarine development.

GERMAN NAVY. The naval force left to Germany is negligible in power. It consists of the pre-dreadnought battleships Deutschland (lchd. 1904), Hannover (1905), Schlesien (1906), Schleswig-Holstein (1906)—all of 13,000 tons, 4 11-inch guns; Lothringen (1904), Braunschweig (1902), Elsass (1903), Hessen (1903)—all of 13,000 tons and 4 11-inch guns. The light cruisers retained are the Berlin and Hamburg (1903 -3200 tons, 23 knots, 10 4.1-inch guns), Arcona (1902-2700 tons, 21 knots, 10 4.1-inch guns), Amazone, Medusa, and Thetis (1900-2650, tons, 22 knots, 10 4.1-inch guns). There are 12 destroyers of about 600 tons and 10 years old. Not one of the foregoing vessels would be retained in a modern navy as a part of the fighting force. Five modern fast light cruisers were to be retained under the provisions of the Versailles treaty but after the sinking of the ships at Scapa Flow these were required to be given up together with floating docks, floating cranes, tugs, and barges equivalent to a displacement of 400,000 tons. However, the number and power of the ships retained in the German navy are not of the least importance. Discipline, obedience, and patriotism have disappeared and the result is a "pseudo-navy run upon trade-union lines and administered by soviets." The demoralization of the naval service is so complete that there is little probability of the formation of an efficient navy for many years to come. The German admiral, Hollweg, regards any attempt to reorganize the old naval forces as impossible. The officers are all right but the men are hopelessly filled with soviet and revolutionary doctrines which would make a well organized and disciplined navy absolutely impossible. Since both Kiel and Wilhelmshaven are hotbeds of sovietism, anarchism, and extremely radical socialistic doctrines, the admiral believes it will be necessary to discard both as naval bases as well as to disband every part of the existing naval forces and start in new localities with new men. Before the war, German naval officers held themselves on a very high plane indeed. It was often said that the wardroom of a German warship was more exclusive than the court of Austria. This de haut en bas attitude maintained toward the enlisted force worked fairly well as long as Germany succeeded in her aims; but as soon as defeat became of more than average occurrence, discipline began to waver: the battle of Jutland and the horrors of the submarine service were the final disrupting forces.

GREAT BRITAIN'S NAVY. The British Admiralty is making an extremely earnest effort to reattain prewar expenditures and is going about the work in a very thorough way characteristic of the nation. The total of the naval estimates for 1920-21 is £96,490,181 and may be divided as follows:

(a) Non-recurrent war liabilities or termi

nal charges (b) Recurrent expenditure due to war conditions, e.g. increases in prices and in rates of wages, pensions, etc., and separation allowance

£19,077,000

40,023,200

37.489.981

(c) Normal expenditure on the basis of pre-war rates and prices The gross estimates for 1914-15 were £53,573,261. Deduct from this the amount allotted to new construction (£18,373,000) and we have £35.200.261. Compare this with subdivision (c) of the present estimates and we find it is £2,290,

000 greater, due mainly to the following causes: the grant of clothing allowances to men of the fleet; provision of larger hospital ships; the extension of scientific research and of technical training; reduction in working hours of industrial staff; increase in non-effective charges. A careful examination of the foregoing shows that the admiralty has achieved its aim (to reduce expenditures to prewar conditions) as nearly as is compatible with present prices of material and labor and the rates of pay in service. In order to keep down the amount allotted for pay nearly to the former figures, the personnel is reduced to 127,500 which is 23,500 less than in 1914.

In order to keep expenditures to the figures of the estimates it has been necessary to adopt every available economy. The most obvious means of saving money was the immediate sale or preparing for sale of all war vessels of a type not desirable to maintain or repair. The next step was to place out of commission all vessels not necessary for the revised peace establishment. Up to May 1, 1920, exclusive of auxiliary craft derived from the merchant service and of old naval craft which had been condemned but rearmed during the war, the following vessels were placed out of commission: 14 battleships, 2 battle cruisers, 16 protected cruisers, 33 light cruisers, 17 monitors, 76 sloops, 68 mine sweepers, 47 patrol boats, 10 flotilla leaders, 220 destroyers, 40 torpedo boats, 55 submarines. Four of the dreadnought battleships which were placed out of commission were subsequently reported in Parliament by the First Lord of the Admiralty as not required for the post-war fleet; the same report was made concerning the two battle cruisers. The battleships in question are the original Dreadnought (17,900 tons, launched 1906), Superb and Bellerophon (18,600 tons, launched 1906-07), Agincourt (ex-Birinji Osman-ex-Rio de Janeirolaunched, 1913; taken over at the outbreak of war). The battle cruisers are the Inflexible and Indomitable (17,250 tons, launched 1907). armored cruisers, protected cruisers, and small destroyers are condemned for fleet service and will be sold or otherwise disposed of. The new battle cruiser Hood was completed during 1920. No other battleship or battle cruiser is building. Three classes of light cruisers are in hand-the Dragon class of 4720 tons, the Enterprise class of 7500 tons, and the Raleigh class of 9750 tons.

All

It is reported that the Haulbowline dockyard at Queenstown is to be abandoned and that the Pembroke yard in Wales is to be leased to be Vickers Company for a long term of years. Of the other yards, three are to help the merchant marine-for a time at least.

Its

The Admiralty pronounces very definitely on the subject of capital ships, the First Lord stating that in the opinion of the Board the lessons of the war plainly point to the battleship as the proper type of the maximum fighting unit. details will doubtless change to meet existing conditions but it will still remain paramount, no matter how greatly improved are the means for aërial and submarine navigation. The First Lord's memorandum also refers to a permanent bureau of scientific research, to the education and training of officers and men, to the naval staff, the naval air service, the promotion of enlisted men to commissioned rank, and to the formation of a new naval reserve.

The department of scientific research and experiment has a director in charge and is placed

under the Controller of the Navy. The director is a scientist of adequate capacity to act as adviser to the Controller and to the navy in gen eral on all matters connected with the application of new advancements in scientific knowledge to the requirements of naval engineering, explosives, chemistry, signalling, mining, etc. The number of assistants of the director and other facilities enable original research work to be undertaken and also permit the department to keep in touch with new work in other scientific establishments.

In technical training of officers and men there will be much more attention paid to mining than before the war, the submarine instruction will be considerably extended, and a new school for antisubmarine work is being established.

The education of officers is being considerably changed. Both line and engineer officers start as cadets. The common entry cadets are taken at 13% to 14 years, special entry at about 17. The establishment at Osborne is closed and all

cadets are now sent to Dartmouth where they remain 3 years and 8 months; then 8 months on a training battleship. They are now sent as midshipmen on ships of the regular service for 2 years and 6 months; then, upon passing they become sublieutenants for one year before promotion to the grade of lieutenant. Midshipmen of one year's service may volunteer for specialization in engineering as may sublieutenants. After serving a certain time (during which they may return to the line) the engineer officers become permanently of that branch. The exact period of time has not yet been settled. To make the promotion in the two branches fairly equit able, certain high ranks, responsibilities, and duties are provided for officers of the engineer branch, both afloat and ashore. Special arrangements are made for promoting enlisted men to commissioned rank at 171⁄2 to 181⁄2 years, 21 years, or at a somewhat later period, provided they can pass certain examinations and boards

of selection.

One of the most important features of the First Lord's memorandum is the planning of the new naval staff. Forty officers will receive in struction per year and for this purpose a Naval Staff College has been established at Greenwich. The naval staff is under the Chief of the Naval Staff. His subordinates are: The Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff who is responsible for operations, policy, intelligence, and training; and the Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff who is re

sponsible from the staff side for the development and use of material including types of vessels, weapons, and tactics. A War College for the instruction of senior officers, in policy, strategy, tactics, etc., will also be maintained at Greenwich.

A separate naval air service will not be maintained but the Naval Staff and Air Staff will be kept in touch as to requirements and the naval branch of the air forces will be wholly under naval command when operating for the navy afloat or ashore.

The formation of a naval reserve on new lines had not proceeded far enough for the First Lord to make a definite statement concerning it. The plans were still under consideration by a naval board.

ITALIAN NAVY. The Italian navy, like those of the other European powers, is being forced to practice the most rigid economy. No new con

JAPANESE NAVY. Japan is the only naval power outside of the United States which is greatly strengthening its naval forces. These two are the only great powers whose shores are washed by the Pacific and each undoubtedly feels it necessary to maintain a navy sufficiently strong to protect its own interests. Before the war each navy bore about the same relative position towards the other that it does now; and neither was adding to its forces except in a moderate awakened the United States government with a way. The possibilities opened up by the war severe jolt and it did not rest until it put out the greatest building programme ever approved by a government at one time. The finances of Japan being greatly improved by her position in the war, she was able to follow the United States in the hasty increase of naval force.

Four battleships of 31,200 tons were completed during or since the war. Two others (Negato and Mutsu of 33,800 tons, 23.5 knots, 8 16-inch guns) have been launched while two more of the Negato class have been commenced. In the inteneight superdreadnought battleships and eight sive 8 to 8 building programme of Baron Kato, superdreadnought battle cruisers were to be built. The battleships are already mentioned. Of the battle cruisers, four were completed during

the war.

These are of 27,500 tons. 28 knots, and carry 8 14-inch guns. The new battle cruisers 16-inch guns. are of 40,000 tons, 30 knots speed, and carry 10 Two were commenced in 1919. two in 1920. The names are the Akagi, Amagi. projected, to be completed in 1927 or 1929. The Takao, and Atago. Four similar vessels are Japanese grand programme also calls for 4 more battleships, 8 light cruisers of 6000 tons, 24 light cruisers of 5000 tons, 32 destroyers of 1300 tons, 32 destroyers of 850 tons, 24 submarines of 1300 tons, 40 submarines of 800 tons, 12 special duty ships of about 12,000 tons. The entire programme is to be completed by 1927.

has established a navy department. In January, JUGO-SLAVIAN NAVY. The Jugo-Slavian state 1920, the government dispatched to the Allies and especially to Italy, a note making claim to a portion of the former Austrian navy. The vessels cited are the 4 cruisers of the Spaun type, 19 destroyers of the Dukkja, Tatra, and Hussar types, 52 torpedo boats, and all the submarines and hydroplanes remaining at the former Aus

trian bases. Claim was also made to 18 auxiliary and school ships, 6 Danube monitors, 2 river

tugs, and a vast amount of mines, torpedoes, machinery, and stores at Pola, Fiume, and else

where.

NETHERLANDS NAVY. No new construction was undertaken in 1920 on account of a sharp difference of opinion in Parliament as to the plans for naval expenditure. Even the work on the two cruisers building for colonial service since 1916 was stopped.

NEW ZEALAND NAVY. Like many other British colonies, New Zealand is arranging for a naval force of her own. The old protected cruiser Diamond of 3000 tons has been commissioned in England and sent out to New Zealand to serve as a school ship.

NORWEGIAN NAVY. No new construction is planned. The naval estimates for 1920 were 15,828,000 crowns. The sum of 750,000 crowns is allotted to new construction already in hand, and 250,000 to naval aviation. Norway lost the greater part of her merchant marine during the war by the ruthless submarine campaign and naval construction will probably give way to merchant ship building for some time to come.

POLISH NAVY. Poland intends to have a small naval force but so far nothing definite has been decided as to the matter.

PORTUGUESE NAVY. The only change in the Portuguese navy consists in the acquirement of 6 gunboats (called sloops by the English) which were purchased of the British naval authorities.

ROUMANIAN NAVY. In 1913, the Roumanian government ordered 4 destroyers of 1450 tons and 35 knots speed of Pattinson, Naples. These were not ready for delivery before Italy entered the war, so they were commandeered and completed for her use. Two of them have recently been turned over to the Roumanian government. Four small river gunboats have been purchased in France for use on the Danube.

RUSSIAN NAVY. The wholly disorganized Russian navy is slowly disappearing. Some few vessels have been kept out of Bolshevik hands and are in various foreign ports. About half of the important ships have been destroyed and nearly all the others are useless from lack of care. Such control as is given the scattered remains of the fleet can make no important use of vessels whose crews are without honor, knowledge, patriotism, or discipline; the vessels themselves are out of repair and lack every sort of supplies and equipment; and the directing forces have no continuity of purpose to maintain themselves in power. Unless the Bolsheviki are overthrown, the material of the fleet will be wholly destroyed or dissipated in another year or two. The personnel of the navy disappeared in the first burst of revolution. The discipline of the Russian service was of a brutal type; the officers were overbearing, harsh, and generally incompetent as compared to the officers of the other great naval powers; the men were extremely ignorant and stupidly subservient. The service was honeycombed with fraud, dishonesty, and lack of patriotism and (especially) of esprit de corps. Here was an ideal field for Bolshevik propaganda; and it swept away the whole organization in a moment.

SPANISH NAVY. The publication of a new building programme for the Spanish navy is not of infrequent occurrence; but many programmes are turned down later and others are not usually carried out in all respects. The construction now in hand is made up of the fag ends of the

programmes of 1908, 1914, and 1915. The present budget (1920-21) allots 34,000,000 pesetas (1 peseta at par 19.3 cents) for new construction. One battleship and three destroyers of the 1908 programme are completing. A light cruiser of the 1914 programme was launched in April, 1920. The programme of 1915 was quite extensvive as follows: four light cruisers of 4650 tons and 29 knots, six destroyers of 1125 tons and 34 knots, 28 submarines, and three gunboats. There are building in Spain, two of the cruisers, three of the destroyers, six of the submarines, and three gunboats. Four of the submarines are completed. One of these, the largest, named the Isaac Peral (742 tons submerged, 488 on the surface) was built in the United States by the Electric Boat Company.

SWEDISH NAVY. No new vessels were proposed or placed under construction in 1920. The allotments for the development of naval bases which were derived from previous appropriations were drastically cut and the work is being prosecuted more slowly.

TURKISH NAVY. By the terms of the peace treaty the Turkish navy is eliminated. Turkey no longer has a seacoast under her own unrestricted control.

UNITED STATES NAVY. The Naval Act of 192122, carries a total appropriation of $433,279,574, which is about 140,000,000 less than the estimates. No new construction is authorized but the carrying out of the 1916 programme is fully provided for. As may be seen in the table opposite, there were building for the navy on Nov. 1, 1920, 6 battleships of 43,200 tons, 4 battleships of 32,600 tons, 1 battleship of 32,300 tons, 6 battle cruisers of 43,500 tons, 10 scout cruisers of 7500 tons, 10 miscellaneous auxiliary vessels, 45 destroyers of 1215 tons, 47 submarines, 2 seagoing tugs. The Navy Department, in pursuance of a recommendation of the General Board of the Navy, had recommended the authorization of 2 battleships, 1 battle cruiser, 10 scout cruisers, 5 flotilla leaders, 6 submarines, 2 airplane carriers, 1 destroyer tender, 1 submarine tender, and $27,000,000 for aircraft construction, including experimental development. It has been stated that the battleships and battle cruiser will be new types and carry 18-inch guns. The others were vessels intended to fill deficiencies in the fleet. The scout cruisers were to have been of

10,000 tons and to have a speed of 32 knots; the flotilla leaders, 2200 tons, 37 knots; the airplane carriers, 35,000 tons, 32 knots. The foregoing was refused by Congress, but may be granted next year.

After July 1, 1920, the allowance of regular and temporary officers of the navy was 8044 for 137,485 enlisted men. At this time wages and employment in civil life were at the extreme peak. The result was a vast defficiency in enlistments. The total strength of enlisted personnel on April 1 was 105,400-a shortage of 32,000, or 30 per cent. Since July 1, wages have been tending downwards, and the number of men out of employment has greatly increased; owing to these facts, the number of applications for enlistment is steadily growing and if the present business conditions persist there is likely to be plenty of applicants for enlistment in the near future. The organization of the new naval reserve will undoubtedly differ from the existing arrangements which are partly due to temporary legislation and presidential orders and partly