of De Molay, is not known. Philip of France expired within the year, in consequence of a fall from his horse; and others of the persecutors of the Order met with a violent death.

But, although deprived of its ancient possessions, and debarred its exalted rank amidst the chivalric institutions of Europe, the honourable and princely Order of the Temple was still destined to survive the wrongs and oppressions of its fiendlike persecutors. Cherished in the hearts of kings and nobles, it still exists, in all the moral grandeur of its high and beneficent relations; and we cordially trust that the day is not far distant, when the pristine lustre of its renown shall again shed over the soldiery of the cross that full and merited share of consideration of which it has been so unjustly and wantonly deprived.

As we have already exceeded the limits which we had proposed to ourselves, on entering upon the investigation of Dr. Burnes's work, we are compelled to narrow the scope of our intended review of its remaining contents; and shall therefore confine our concluding extracts to the interesting account which it affords of the continnation of the Order to the present time. In doing this, however, we confess that it is not without the most painful reluctance that we withdraw our attention from topics of equally exciting interest, which must thus remain unnoticed; yet we trust the reader will not remain satisfied with the very brief and imperfect sketch our limits enable us to present; but will seek in the volume itself the ample development of a subject which, independently of its historical importance, is recommended by so many engaging associations of chivalric and romantic adventure. Dr. Burnes has indebted himself to the pen of Mr. Mills for the following eloquent and well-defined notice of the manner in which the Order has been perpetuated:

In the "History of the Crusades," I described the circumstances of the iniquitous and sanguinary persecutions of the brotherhood of the Temple, the consequent suspension of their functions, and the spoliation of all those possessions with which the respect of the world had enriched them. But the persecution of the Templars in the fourteenth century does not close the history of the Order; for though the knights were spoliated, the Order was not annihilated. In truth, the cavaliers were not guilty, the brotherhood was not suppressed, and, startling as is the assertion, there has been a succession of Knights Templars from the twelfth century down even to these days; the chain of transmission is perfect in all its links. Jacques Molay, the Grand Master at the time of the persecution, anticipating his own martyrdom, appointed as his successor in power and dignity, Johannes Marcus Larmenius of Jerusalem, and from that time to the present there has been a regular and uninterrupted line of grand masters. The charter by which this supreme authority has been transmitted is judicial and conclusive evidence of the Order's continued existence. This charter of transmission, with the signatures of the various chiefs of the Temple, is preserved at Paris, with the

ancient statutes of the Order, the rituals, the records, the seals, the standards and other memorials of the early Templars. The brotherhood has been headed by the bravest cavaliers of France, by men who, jealous of the dignity of knighthood, would admit no corruption, no base copies of the orders of chivalry, and who thought that the shield of their nobility was enriched by the impress of the Templar's red cross. Bertrand du Guesclin was the Grand Master from 1357 till his death in 1380: and he was the only French commander who prevailed over the chivalry of our Edward the Third. From 1478 to 1497, we may mark Robert Lenoncourt, a cavalier of one of the most ancient and valiant families of Lorraine. Philippe Chabot, a renowned captain in the reign of Francis the First, wielded the staff of power from 1516 to 1543. The illustrious family of Montmorency appear as Knights Templars, and Henry, the First Duke, was the chief of the Order from 1574 to 1614. At the close of the seventeenth century, the Grand Master was James Henry de Duras, a marshal of France, the nephew of Turenne, and one of the most skilful soldiers of Louis the Fourteenth. The Grand Masters from 1734 to 1776 were three princes of the Royal Bourbon family. The names and years of power of these ropal personages who acknowledged the dignity of the Order of the Temple, were Louis Augustus Bourbon, Duke of Maine, 1724-1737; Louis Henry Bourbon Condè, 1737-1741; and Louis Francis Bourbon Conty, 1741-1746. The successor of these princes in the Grand-mastership of the Temple, was Louis Hercules Timoleon, Duke de Cossé Brisac, the descendant of an ancient family long celebrated in French history for its loyalty and gallant bearing. He accepted the office in 1776, and sustained it till he died in the cause of royalty at the . beginning of the French revolution. The Order has now its Grand Master, Bernardus Raymundus Fabré Palaprat. Thus the very ancient and sovereign Order of the Temple is now in full and chivalric existence, like those orders of knighthood which were either formed in imitation of it, or had their origin in the same noble principles of chivalry. It has mourned as well as flourished; but there is in its nature and constitution a principle of vitality which has carried it through all the storms of fate. Its continuance by representatives as well as by title, is as indisputable a fact as the existence of any other chivalric fraternity. The Templars of these days claim no titular rank, yet their station is so far identified with that of the other orders of knighthood, that they assert equal purity of descent from the same bright source of chivalry. Nor is it possible to impugn the legitimate claims to honourable estimation, which the modern brethren of the Temple derive from the antiquity and pristine lustre of their Order, without at the same time shaking to its centre the whole venerable fabric of knightly honour.

Our concluding extract from the pen of the amiable and accomplished author of the work, furnishes a sequel to the preceding

passage:

The Order has now at its head Sir William Sidney Smith, of chivalric renown, who became Regent upon the death of the late Grand Master, Bernard Raymond Fabré Palaprat. The high and heroic character of Sir Sidney Smith, whose deeds of arms at St. Jean d'Acre, rivalling those of the Royal Crusader, Richard the First, obtained for him by eastern nations the

appellation of the modern "Cœur de Leon,"-specially pointed him out as the most worthy of Christian knights to fill this eminent station. He who with such noble philanthropy founded and presided over the Society of Knights Liberators of the White Slaves in Africa, cannot but shed additional lustre on the soldiery of the Temple, whose professed object originally was, and yet is, the protection of defenceless pilgrims, and the rescuing of Christians from Infidel bondage. Scattered over the mighty empire of Great Britain, there are not more than forty subjects of Her Majesty who are Knights Templars; and the whole members of the Order do not probably at this moment exceed three hundred; but we assert without fear of contradiction, that no institution equally limited can boast of a greater number of distinguished and honourable associates.

We must not omit to notice, that the volume owes no small share of its attractions to the taste and exertions of William Alexander Laurie, Esq., of Edinburgh; who has also introduced into its pages many learned and interesting notes, A very finely-engraved portrait of Sir Sidney Smith, with various lithographic illustrations and engravings on wood, as well as some beautiful specimens of illuminated initial letters and blazons of arms, will be found to adorn the work, whose typographical execution, developing a great variety of workmanship in different metals and colours, adds considerably to the distinguished beauty of its appearance. A snowy cover of vellum, illuminated with the badge of the Order, and bearing, in old English letters of the same tincture as the latter, its venerable and interesting title, forms an appropriate accompaniment to the splendid enrichments of the interior.

ART. VIII.-Travels in New Zealand; with Contributions to the Geography, Geology, Botany, and Natural History of that Country. By ERNEST DIEFFENBACH, M.D. 2 vols. Murray. DR. DIEFFENBACH was naturalist to the New Zealand Company, and during the years 1839, 40, 41 made several journies into various parts of the country which had not been before traversed by Europeans, or which, at least, had never been described; places both in the northern parts, and portions of the interior, being for the first time heard of in these pages. The feature of the work, of course, consists of notices with regard to the natural history of the island, the "Fauna of New Zealand" occupying a large space of the second volume. The author's connexion with the Company afforded him peculiar opportunities, while his zeal as a naturalist and his scientific knowledge highly equipped him for facilitating his more professional pursuits. But his observations and study were not alone directed to the subjects of geography, geology, and botany; although the minuteness of detail on such branches, so far as the

survey went, gives us much of completeness. But we have besides, in these pages, many things relative to the natives of the land, the process of civilization, and the principles to be attended to for the successful carrying out of a system of European settlement among the aboriginal race.

Dr. Dieffenbach's opinion of the native population is the most favourable and the best fortified of any that we have met with. He declares, after very full and close opportunities for forming a judgment-and he is manifestly a careful and conscientious observerthat the New Zealander is remarkable for his civility, hospitality, natural sense, and right feeling; that, in short, even as observed in his present state, he is fit for all the benefits of civilization, is qualified to amalgamate with the British colonists, and to enjoy all the personal rights of British subjects. They are trustworthy, as well as endowed with good intellects; and, unless they greatly degenerate through the evil influences of vile European characters, and be alienated by a base system of treatment, they are represented as affording ample promise of rapid social advancement, and as being calculated to act as the best coadjutors to the white man. But what, according to our author, has been the usage to which this people has been for the most part subjected? Why, that of a humiliating and irritating description; all which the doctor vigorously, and with obviously the most reasonable humanity, condemns. The landjobbing system he visits with severe censures, and throws out various suggestions with regard to the policy that ought to be adopted agreeably to justice and common sense. The following is a specimen of his tone and views:

If we deem ourselves a nobler race, why not act as the gardener does, who grafts upon the wild pear-tree, a twig from a nobler stem, and so gives it the durability and higher qualities which he is anxious to propagate? The system of exterminating the original races is a gross and a fearful mistake in the management of modern English colonies. Not only have their traditions and remembrances died with them, which would supply the place of their history, and would relieve the insipid character of these purely trading communities, but the principle of stability and of patriotism has also been destroyed. The natives have universally showed a far nobler attachment, not only to their country, but also to its European discoverers, and to the first colonists, than the imported race of shopkeepers, who only strive to dissolve the ties which should bind them to the land of their birth, and who pride themselves on their own ignorance regarding everything that belongs to the original inhabitants. The natives, properly controlled, would be a far better bulwark against the aggressions of other nations than the colonists themselves. And it is remarkable those advantages are never taken into account which would ensue to the mother country by a largely-consuming native population fulfilling at once two of the grand objects of colonization -first, that of opening new markets for British manufactures; and secondly, which is still more important, converting in the course of a few years

an island of savage tribes into an integral portion of Great Britain, emulous to resemble its parent land in wealth, happiness, strength, knowledge, civilization, and Christian virtues.

Numerous are the favourable testimonies lent by Dr. Dieffenbach in behalf of the New Zealanders, and various are the occasions and the localities when and where he had the means of forming a satisfactory judgment. We were hardly prepared to meet with such agreeable pictures. On arriving at first at Queen Charlotte's Sound, the ship being moored to a tree in a cove, all the natives in the vicinity left their huts to receive the strangers, "and offered a shake of the hand as a welcome." Here it was found that several whaling establishments had been formed, and that the Europeans who have taken up their residence at this point govern the natives by moral influence, or that which practical talent has acquired. Intermarriages between the races are here not uncommon, and the offspring of such unions, says our author, are remarkably handsome and vigorous.

Amongst the houses was a large one, which they (the natives) had built for an Englishman, who at the end of the whaling season lived with them. His house formed also the meeting house of the tribes, as they had lately become converted to Chrsitianity by a native, who had been with the missionaries in the Bay of Islands, and had learned to read and write. Some of the tribe in Amanho had already acquired from him these arts, and all were anxious, to learn them. These people were well provided with the necesaries of life. I was astonished to find it so easy to deal with them; and instead of sinister savages, brooding nothing but treachery and mischief, as many travellers have depicted them, they were open, confident, and hospitable, and proved of the greatest service to me during my frequent rambles in the woods.

The European whalers in Queen Charlotte's Sound amount to about forty, some of them desperate characters. The natives, however, appear to be much less affected by the vices of their white neighbours than might have been feared. Let us away to Port Nicholson ::

Nearly three years have elapsed since our first visit; and a spot scarcely known before that time, and rarely if ever visited by Europeans, bas become the seat of a large settlement, with nearly 5,000 inhabitants. Where a few hundred natives then lived in rude villages, fearful of their neighbours, but desirous of intercourse with Europeans, and just beginning to be initiated into the forms of Christian worship by a native missionary, there is now a town with warehouses, wharfs, club-houses, horticultural and scientific societies, race-courses, in short, with all the mechanism of a civilized and commercial community; at this very place, where I then enjoyed in all its fulness the wild aspect of nature, and where the inhabitants, wild and untamed, accorded well with their native scenery, there is now the restless European, spreading all around all the advantages and disadvantages of civilization and trade.

VOL. I. (1843) No. III.

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