edition of which is, that of 1745, in 12mo. He died at Paris, Aug. 15, 1746, aged almoft 72.

He was a member of the French academy, and of the academy of infcriptions and belles lettres; and was fitted to do honour to any fociety. In the first volume of the "Memoirs of the Academy of Infcriptions" there are two fine differtations of his one "upon the divine honours paid to the governors of the Roman provinces, during the continuance of the republic;" the other, upon the temple, which Cicero conceived a defign of confecrating to the memory of his beloved daughter Tullia, under the title of Fanum."

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MONK (GEORGE), duke of Albemarle, memorable for having restored Charles I. to his crown and kingdoms, was defcended from a very ancient family, and born at Potheridge, in Devonshire, Dec. 6, 1608. He was a younger fon; and, no provifion being expected from his father Sir Thomas Monk, whofe fortune was reduced, he dedicated himself to arms from his youth. He entered a volunteer under Sir Richard Grenville, then lying at Plymouth, and juft fetting out under lord Wimbledon on the expedition against Spain. This was in 1625, when he was not quite feventeen. The year after, he obtained a pair of colours, in the expedition to the ifle of Rhee; whence returning in 1628, he ferved the following year as enfign in the Low Countries, where he was promoted to the rank of captain. In this ftation be was prefent in feveral fieges and battles; and having, in ten years fervice, made himself an abfolute master of the art military, he returned to his native country, just on the breaking out of the war between Charles I. and his Scotifh fubjects. His reputation, fupported by proper recommendations, procured him the rask of lieutenant-colonel, in which poft he ferved in both the king's northern expeditions; and was afterwards a col nel, when the Irish rebellion broke out. In quel'ing this, he did fuch confiderable fervice, that the lords juftices appointed him governor of Dublin: but, the parliament intervening, that authority was vefted in another. Soon alter, on his figuing a truce with the rebels, by the king's order, September 1643, he returned with his regiment to England: but, on his arrival at Briftol, was met by orders both from Ireland and Oxford, directing the governor of that place to fecure him. The governor, however, believing the fufpicions conceived againt him groundlefs, fuffered him to proceed to Oxford on his bare parole; and there he fo fully juftified himmelf to lord Digby, then fecretary of ftate, that he was by that nobleman introduced to the king; but his regiment was given to colonel Warren, who had been his major. As fome amends for this, the king made him major-general in the Irith brigade, then employed in the ficge of Nantwich in Chefhire;

Chefhire; at which place he arrived juft foon enough to fhare in the unfortunate furprifal of that whole brigade by Sir Thomas Fairfax. He was fent to Hull, and thence conveyed in a fhort time to the Tower of London, where he remained in close confinement till Nov. 13, 1646; and then, as the only means to be fet at liberty, he took the covenant, engaged with the parliament, and agreed to accept a command under them in the Irish fervice. Some have charged him with ingratitude for thus deferting the king, who had been very kind to him during his confinement, and in particular had fent him from Oxford 100l. which was a great fum for his majefty, then much diftreffed: but it may be faid in his favour, that he never liftened to any terms made him by the parliamentarians, while the king had an army on foot: now indeed, when his majesty was in the hands of his enemies, he readily accepted of a colonel's commiffion; and, as he had been engaged against the Irifh rebels before, he thought it confiftent with the duty he owed, and which he had hitherto inviolably maintained, to the king, to oppose them again. He fet out for Ireland, Jan. 28, 1646-7, but returned in April on account of fome impediments. Soon after he had the command in chief of all the parliament's forces in the north of Ireland conferred upon him : upon which he went again, and for the following two years performed feveral exploits, worthy of an able and experienced foldier. Then he was called to account for having treated with the Irish rebels; and fummoned to appear before the parliament, who, after hearing him at the bar of the houfe, paffed this vote, Aug. 10, 1649: "That they did disapprove of what major-general Monk had done, in concluding a peace with the grand and bloody Irish rebel, Owen Roe O'Neal, and did abhor the having any thing to do with him therein; yet are eafily perfuaded, that the making the fame by the faid major-general was, in his judgement, most for the advantage of the English intereft in that nation; and, that he fhall not be farther questioned for the fame in time to come." This vote highly offended the majorgeneral, though not fo much as fome paffages in the house, reflecting on his honour and fidelity. He was perhaps the more offended at this treatment, as he was not employed in the reduction of Ireland under Oliver Cromwell; who, all accounts agree, received confiderable advantage from this very treaty with O'Neal. Monk's friends endeavoured to clear his reputation; his reafons for agreeing with O'Neal were alfo printed; yet nothing could wipe off the ftain of treating with bloody Irish rebels, till it was forgotten in his future fortune. About this time, his elder brother died without iffue male; and, the family eftate by entail devolving upon him, he repaired

it from the ruinous condition in which his father and brother had left it. He had fcarce fettled his private affairs, when he was called to ferve against the Scots, who had proclaimed Charles II, under Oliver Cromwell; by whom he was made lieutenant-general of the artillery, and had a regiment given him. He was fo extremely ferviceable, and did fuch great things, that Cromwell left him commander in chief in Scotland, when he returned to England to purfue Charles II In 1652, he was feized with a violent fit of illnef, which obliged him to go to Bath for the recovery of his health: after which, he fet out again for Scotland, was one of the commiffioners for uniting that kingdom with the new-erected commonwealth, and, having fuccefsfully concluded it, returned to London. The Dutch war having now been carried on for fome months, lieutenant general Monk was joined with the admirals Blake and Dean in the command at fea; in which fervice, June 2, 1653, he contributed greatly by his courage and conduct to the defeat of the Dutch fleet. Monk and Dean were both onboard the fame fhip; and, Dean being killed the first broadfide, Monk threw his cloak over the body, and gave orders for continuing the fight, without fuffering the enemy to know that we had loft one of our admirals. Cromwell, in the mean time, was paving his way to the fupreme command, which, Dec. 16, 1653, he obtained, under the title of protector; and, in this capacity, foon concluded a peace with the Dutch. Monk remonftrated warmly against the terms of this peace; and his remonftrances were well received by Oliver's own parliament. Monk alfo, on his return home, was treated fo kindly by them, that Oliver is faid to have grown jealous of him, as if he had been inclined to another intereft. But, receiving fatisfaction from the general on that head, he not only took him into favour, but, on the breaking out of fresh troubles in Scotland, fent him there commander in chief. fet out in April 1654, and managed fo well as to finish the war by Auguft; when he returned from the Highlands, and fixed his abode at Dalkeith, a feat belonging to the countess of Buccleugh, within five miles of Edinburgh and here he refided during the remaining time that he ftayed in Scotland, which was five years, amufing himfelf with rural pleatures, and beloved by the people, though his government was more arbitrary than any they had experienced. He exercifed this government as one of the protector's council of itate in Scotland, whefe commiffion bore date in June 1655. Croinwell, however, could not help diftrufting him at times, on account of his popularity; nor was this diftruft entirely without the appearance of foundation. It is certain the king VOL. XI. entertained

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entertained good hopes of him, and to that purpose sent to him the following letter from Colen, Aug. 12, 1655.

"One, who believes he knows your nature and inclinations very well, affures me, that, notwithstanding all ill accidents and misfortunes, you retain ftill your old affection to me, and refolve to exprefs it upon the first seasonable opportunity; which is as much as I look for from you. We must all patiently wait for that opportunity, which may be offered fooner than we expect when it is, let it find you ready; and, in the mean time, have a care to keep yourfelf out of their hands, who know the hurt you can do them in a good conjuncture, and can never but fufpect your affection to be, as I am confident it is, towards

Yours, &c.

CHARLES REX."

However, Monk made no fcruple of difcovering every step taken by the cavaliers, which came to his knowledge, even to the fending the prote&or this letter; and joined in promoting addreffes to him from the army, one of which was received by the protector March 19, 1657, in which year Monk received a fummons to Oliver's houfe of lords. Upon the death of Oliver, Monk joined in an addrefs to the new protector Richard, whofe power, neverthelefs, he forefaw would be but fhort-lived; it having been his opinion, that Oliver, had he lived much longer, would fcarce have been able to preferve himself in his ftation. And indeed Cromwell himself began to be apprehenfive of that great alteration which happened after his death, and fearful that the general was deeply engaged in those measures which procured it; if we may judge from a letter written by him to general Monk a little before, to which was added the following remarkable postscript: "There be that tell me, that there is a certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called George Monk, who is faid to lie in wait there to introduce Charles Stuart; I pray you, ufe your diligence to apprehend him, and fend him up to me." It is not our bufinefs to relate all the fteps which led to the restoration of Charles 11. but only to give a general idea of the man who was the inftrument of it: we fhall only fay, therefore, that, upon the depofition of Richard Cromwell, and the anarchy that enfued, general Monk furnished a hand to the heart of the nation, and restored the king; and, in this, did the greatest service that ever was performed by a fubject to his fovereign. He was immediately loaded with penfions and honours; was made knight of the garter, one of the privy-council, mafter

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of the horse, a gentleman of the bed-chamber, firft lord-commiffioner of the treafury; and foon after created a peer, being made baron Monk of Potheridge, Beauchamp, and Tees, earl of Torrington, and duke of Albemarle, with a grant of 7000l. per annum, eftate of inheritance, befides other penfions. He received a very peculiar acknowledgement of regard on being thus called to the peerage; almoft the whole houfe of commons attending him to the very door of the house of lords, while he behaved with great moderation, filence, and humility. This behaviour was really to be admired in a man, who, by his perfonal merit, had raised himself within the reach of a crown, which he had the prudence, or the virtue, to wave; yet he preferved it to the end of his life: infomuch, that the king, who ufed to call him his political father, faid, very highly to his honour, "the duke of Albemarle demeaned himself in fuch a manner to the prince he had obliged, as never to seem to overvalue the fervices of general Monk."

He spent the remainder of his life in as high glory as a subject could poffefs: confulted and employed upon all great occafions by the king his mafter, and, what is very rare and extraordinary, at the fame time perfectly efteemed and beloved by his fellow-fubjects. In 1664, on the breaking out of the firft Dutch war, he was, by his royal highness the duke, who commanded the fleet, intrufted with the care of the admiralty: and, the plague breaking out the fame year in London, he was intrufted likewife with the care of the city by the king, who retired to Oxford. He was, at the latter end of the year, appointed joint-admiral of the flect with prince Rupert, and diftinguished himself, as is well known, with great bravery, againft the Dutch. Sept. 1666, the fire of London occafioned the duke of Albemarle to be recalled from the fleet, to affift in quieting the minds of the people; who expreffed their affection and efteem for him, by crying out publicly, as he paffed through the ruined ftreets, that," if his grace had been there, the city had not been burned." The many hardships and fatigues he had undergone in a military life began to fhake his conftitution fomewhat early; fo that about his 60th year he was attacked with a dropfy; which, being too much neglected, perhaps on account of his having been hitherto remarkably healthy, gained ground upon him pretty faft, and put a period to his life, Jan. 3, 1669-70, when he was entering his 62d year. He died in the esteem of his fovereign, and his brother the duke of York, as appears not only from the high pofts he enjoyed, and the great truft repofed in him by both, but also from the tender concern fhewn by them, in a conftant enquiry after his ftate during his laft illness, and the

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