4. When falloir expresses want, necessity to have, it is still impersonal, and the person or pronoun which, in English, is the subject of must, is to be put in the dative in French, thus: Il faut un chapeau neuf à votre Il me faudra bientôt du papier ; Il leur faudra de l'argent ; Ne leur faudra-t-il pas du papier? your brother must have, or I must soon have some paper. you must have, or you want they shall want money. shall they not want paper? 5. But if the verb to have be expressed in French, it must be put in the subjunctive mood. Ex. Il faut que votre frère ait un chapeau neuf; Il faut que vous ayez des livres; your brother must have a new hat. you must have books. EXERCISE. I shall want paper, pens, and ink.—What do you want ? falloir I want nothing (for the) present, but I think I shall soon want a French grammar.-My brother has an old hat, and much, you must have (a great deal) of circumspection pour not (to speak ill) of others. Since I cannot find my médire Puisque ne pas book, I must have another.-We shall want (a great deal) beaucoup of patience to succeed in our undertaking.-My brothers have lost their books; they must have others. RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES ON THE Is it cold this morning? Yes, sir, it is very cold; however, (I have been told,) it is not so cold as it was on m'a dit yesterday.The weather is very inconstant in this country; pays, m. it was very hot yesterday, it is excessively cold to-day; it très imperf. froze this morning, it hailed at noon, it rained at four imperf. imperf. midi o'clock, and now it drizzles.-If it be fine weather next heures, week, I shall go to London; but if it be bad weather, I shall stay at home.-It is (a pleasure) to see bees coming rester chez moi. out of their hives ruche, f. amusant abeille, f. sortir when it is a sunny day.-Had I fait du soleil. known * you were returned from the continent, I would revenir -If there were any real virtue in the world, should we des pl. (meet with) so many false friends!-If he behaved well, trouver, cond. se comporter there would not be a man (in the world) that I should au monde esteem more. It is a sad thing to see unfortunate people, davantage. a de des malheureux 6 and (be unable) to relieve them.-Those who support the encourager de ne pouvoir secourir Turn, if I had known that. Much art and nicety are required délicatesse, f. falloir pour to please every à body. It little matters whether it be my servant or yours peu importe que ce soit 65 who carries the letter to the post. You must honour your poste, f. porter father and mother if you wish to live long and happy.—It vouloir is more glorious to conquer our passions than de vaincre to conquer de conquérir the whole world.—Sir, (I want) a pair of boots; have you The participle is so called because it partakes of the nature of the verb and of the adjective: of the verb, as it has its signification and object; of the adjective, as it expresses a quality. There are two participles; the participle active or present, and the participle past. OF THE PARTICIPLE ACTIVE AND VERBAL ADJECTIVE. The participle active always ends in French in ant, and in English in ing. Ex. Parlant, speaking; punissant, punishing, &c. The participle active is undeclined; it admits of no variation as to gender or number. It generally expresses either an action, as écrivant, writing; marchant, walking; or an operation of the mind, as pensant, thinking, &c. Ex. J'ai souvent vu cette bonne mère, caressant son enfant, adresser ses prières au ciel; I have often seen that good mother, whilst caressing her child, offer her prayers to heaven. Nous nous promenions, songeant we were walking, thinking of à nos malheurs ; our misfortunes. Observation.—The verbal adjective, which is nothing else but an adjective derived from the verb, the signification of which it expresses, is to be carefully distinguished from the participle active, from which it differs, in as much as it is declined, while, on the contrary, the participle active is invariable. The verbal adjective expresses either a quality belonging to the substantive which it modifies, or an aptitude or disposition to act, rather than an action. Like all other adjectives, it takes the gender and number of the substantive it qualifies. The verbal adjective never governs a direct object. Ex. L'enfant que vous voyez fait le bonheur de cette mère caressante et aimante; the child whom you see constitutes the happiness of that caressing and loving mother. The participles ayant and étant never can become verbal adjectives; they are therefore always invariable. EXERCISE ON THE TWO LAST RULES. (All the verbal adjectives are marked thus-adj.) The persons whom you saw with us are people fearing gens, pl. God and loving virtue.-She met your father (as she was) en coming here. We were told (the day before yesterday) that avant hier your sister, remembering the injuries which she received se ressouvenir de from your brother, refused to see him.-Brutus saw his two sons expiring by his orders.-That reflection perplexing the embarrasser good man, he said, &c.—He inherited all the property hériter de biens, pl. adj. belonging to his uncle.-He heard that several of his offiapprendre cers belonging to families of the highest rank meditated une méditer treason.-Geography and chronology being the two eyes trahison, f. -ie, f. -ie, f. of history, (we should), (in order to) study well the latter, be il faut celle-là. pour guided by the former.-Will he desert that poor abandonner celle-ci, étre unfortunate malheureuse sands? woman when she is dying on these burning adj. Your aunt having given the necessary orders to your cousins, set out immediately for London. Look at those Regarder lambs which are skipping in that meadow.-Do you see agneau, m. 6 9 bondir prairie, f. those animals languishing with thirst, and drinking (on the) adj. de margin of that limpid brook. au bord, in. ruisseau, m. ON THE PARTICIPLE PAST. The participle past may be joined either to the verb étre, to be, or the verb avoir, to have. THE PARTICIPLE PAST WITH THE VERB étre. Rule 1.-The participles past of all passive verbs, as well as those of neuter verbs, which are conjugated with the verb étre, to be, are declined, and always take the gender |