The Essentials of Argumentation

terms, ad hominem, ad populum, equivocation,
sophist's tricks

Inductive; definition, illustrations, kinds, method,
hypothesis and verification; fallacies,― too few in-
stances, no causal connection, not cause for a cause,
post hoc. Combination of induction and deduction
On Basis of Source whence they are Furnished:- Ante-
cedent probability; definition, illustrations. Use
by scientists, novelists, dramatists, all arguers.
Need of, in general, in legal practice; preponder-
ance of; fallacies, - not founded in experience, like
fallacies in deduction; varying force

PAGES

88-107

107-123

124-146

147-172

Example; definition, illustrations, real, invented,

analogical, a fortiori; varying force; when most

useful; fallacies. Analogy; definitions, illustrations;

compared with induction; argumentative and illus-

trative; when most useful; laws; varying force;

fallacies, — false analogies, fanciful analogies

Sign; definition, illustrations; compared with evi-

dence, indication; false signs; varying force; causal

connection; fallacies,- no connection, no cause,

wrong cause; combined with antecedent probabil-

ity, opposed by same, or examples, accumulated

signs, progressive tendency; value of all knowledge, 173-190

5. SEQUENCE OF ARGUMENTS.

Importance of good arrangement in order of proposi-

tion, direct proofs, and refutation. Unity, clearness

and force depend upon arrangement; analogies 191-192

Order is affected by nature of proposition, by character
of audience and their relation to the subject and
arguer, by participation of opponent either before
or after arguer

When the proposition may be deferred; when it may

be announced at beginning. Partition; rules for,

illustrations. Exposition and statement as argu-

ments; in selection of arguments force is to be

considered rather than number

193

194-199

PAGES

Natural sequence is,

antecedent probability, exam-

ple, sign; reasons; illustrations; climax if possible;

use of summaries

Refutation may come first or last, but better in the

midst of constructive arguments; reasons; arrange-

ment of arguments; waiving a point; fairness to

opponent; effort in refuting; disproving facts, dis-

closing fallacies, testing premises, testing circum-

stances

200-205

206-214

6. PERSUASION.

It presumes audience, oral delivery and desired action;
relation to argument; occasions for appeal to feel-
ings; abuse of persuasion; real purpose
Place of appeal or persuasion; introduction, discus-
sion, conclusion; reasons, illustrations; usual and
natural order is, instruction, conviction, persuasion;
feeling should follow fact

Motives to which appeal is addressed; highest to be
chosen; knowledge of those addressed
Methods or principles: appeal is usually indirect, may
be direct; alliance with audience; character and
reputation of speaker; exhibition of feeling; pre-
sentation of details; concrete and specific; variety;
adaptation; simplicity; earnestness; climax

CHAPTER IV. -THE CONCLUSION.

May be omitted in brief speeches, or clear, well ana-

lyzed, and well articulated speeches. Elements en-

tering are conviction or persuasion or both. May

be a summary or recapitulation, impressing what has

been said in long discourses, or discourses complex

or abstruse. May be an application or appeal;

length as well as character depends upon subject