(a) Our experience proves this,

(b) All men desire the honor and glory of their country,

(c) Government thus becomes the stakeholder of parties,

(d) This encourages instead of destroying generosity,

(e) No revenue can be gotten from America by compulsion,

(f) The strongest of ties is the association of civil rights with the prosperity of

government,

(g) The love of the English people is the life of the English nation,

(h) Magnanimity in politics is the truest wis

dom;

I. An American revenue must be secured as American empire has been secured, by the granting of English privileges.

(Proposition proved).

As the American Colonies have no representation in Parliament, they must be conciliated by conceding to them the privilege of levying their own taxes.

OUTLINE OF HUXLEY'S THREE LECTURES ON

EVOLUTION.

A.

INTRODUCTION.

1. Man's conception of the nature of things has been of slow

growth;

2. The constancy of the order of nature is now the dominant

idea;

(a) All events are based on cause and effect,

(b) All notion of chance is excluded,

(c) All human calculations are based upon it,
(d) The basis is completely logical;

3. This notion of constancy does not extend into the past;
4. Whether events always happened in this fixed order, is a
historical question; its answer must be sought in the
same way as the answer to other historical questions.

B.

DISCUSSION.

I. The case stated:

1. There are three hypotheses for the history of nature; (a) The universe has always existed in its present

condition,

(b) The universe came into existence without any precedent condition from which it could naturally have proceeded,

(c) The present universe has been evolved by a natural process, from an antecedent state, that

from another, and so on; no limit can be assigned to past changes.

2. These hypotheses mean :

(a) An observer, no matter how far back, would have seen the earth as it now is-animals, plants, mountains, plains, waters. This is not inconsistent with uniformitarianism.

(b) An observer would, at a period not remote, have seen chaos, then the various parts coming into being in six natural days in the following order, -light, sky or firmament, vegetation, heavenly bodies, aquatic animals and birds, quadrupeds and man. This is Milton's theory in Paradise Lost.

(c) An observer would, at any late period, have seen a state of things similar to the present, the likeness becoming less and less as the period of observation is remote from the present: the distribution of mountains, plains, lakes, would change according to a slow natural process; the framework of the earth would be at a very remote period only a nebulous mass; the forms of life would grow simpler and simpler, presenting in the earliest stages, undifferentiated protoplasmic matter. This hypothesis presupposes no breach of continuity. All is produced by a natural process.

1. A Priori evidence cannot be used; for

(a) This is a matter of historical fact, not involving cause or motive;

2. It must be settled by historical evidence, which is of

two kinds;

(a) Testimony, the report of witnesses,

(b) Circumstantial evidence, the testimony of other things than human witnesses;

3. Circumstantial evidence, when clear and intelligible,
is stronger than testimony; for

(a) It is impossible to falsify it in this case,
(b) It cannot be mistaken in this case,
(c) Human testimony is open to many doubts,
(d) Even accurate men are easily mistaken,
(e) Witnesses are actuated by evil motives.

III. The case argued :

1. The first, or "Eternity," hypothesis is incapable of verification by any evidence; for

(a) Its verification would demand an eternity of wit

nesses,

(b) Its verification would require an infinity of circumstances,

(c) Neither of these is attainable;

2. What evidence there is is against it; for

(a) The earth's crust is composed of layers gradually formed,

(a) They are like those forming at present,

(b) They contain fossils of life, extinct and existing,

(b) The strata of the earth's crust furnish a record of a gradually changing life on the earth,

(c) The strata show that the present condition of things is of only recent existence : A. The first hypothesis must be abandoned.

1. Explanatory. The second is called the "Miltonic" hypothesis rather than the "Doctrine of Creation," or the "Biblical Doctrine," or the "Mosaic Doctrine;" because

(a) It is an historical not a doctrinal or philosophical question,

(a) It means how, not why things came to be as
they are,

(b) The Bible does not necessarily sanction it,
(a) Our notion is traceable to Milton's poem,
(b) Scientists interpret the Bible differently,
(c) Many Biblical scholars explain it differently,
(d) The Bible may sanction evolution,

(c) There is no evidence that Moses wrote the account
in Genesis,

(a) This is the opinion of eminent clergymen,

(b) This is the opinion of Hebrew scholars,

(d) Milton leaves no doubt as to his meaning; 2. Only circumstantial evidence will be used in examining this hypothesis; for

(a) Testimonial evidence is incompetent,

(a) Scholars disagree as to its authenticity;

3. Circumstantial evidence does not justify the hypothesis, but so far as it goes, contradicts it;

(a) Milton asserts that plants made their appearance the third day,- so that there must

have been plants like the present, for if not (1) Either special creation has occurred since, or

(2) Evolution has taken place in the plant
world,

(b) Milton asserts that animal life, aquatic and
aerial, appeared on the fifth day, terrestrial
quadrupeds and man on the sixth day,
(c) But remains of animal life are found in the
oldest strata of the earth's crust, these

must therefore have been the products of the fifth day's creation,

(a) There is therefore no geological record of the first four Miltonic days,

(a) Milton's order of creation is, fishes and

whales, birds, terrestrial animals,—

(b) But terrestrial animals occur long before birds in the geological record,

(b) There is therefore lack of harmony in the two records, so far as they exist,

(a) Milton makes fishes and whales contemporary creations,

(b) Fishes in abundance are found in the earlier strata, but no whales,

(c) The geological record contradicts the Miltonic,
(a) No fishes of the present kind are found in
the earlier strata, hence,

(d) Either (i) Special creations have occurred at dif-
ferent times, of which there is no record, or
(ii) There has been an evolution of species, or
(iii) The whole account must be given up as
without evidence or contrary to evidence,
(e) Circumstantial evidence further contradicts Mil-
ton, for