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thrusting out of his head and nose in a very awkward and ugly position.

The scalpel is now called into action; and having cast the horse, as the safest method of proceeding to work, examine most carefully every part; to effect which the lateral opening must be enlarged, and if caries of the bones have taken place, they must be scraped or taken out, as found necessary. All hard edges must be taken away, and the small sinuses opened, to prevent new tumours forming. These operations should, however, be performed by skilful surgeons, for common farriers may do considerable mischief. Active escharotics must be used in most cases of obstinate Pole Evil; the following are recommended:

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the terebinthinated tincture of cantharides has answered well in procuring a healthy action.

In extreme cases, however humanity may recoil from the practice of cruelty and rail at the operations of those of the old school, yet there are many cases which even at this day require us to resort eventually to their systems. The method of scalding is the last resort as a cure to the ravages of the Pole Evil; and perhaps, indeed, painful as this may be at the time, it is often preferable to the frequent use of active escharotics, or the eventual use of the pole axe.

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Corrosive Sublimate

Basilicon

Or,

Buttyr of Antimony

Oil of Turpentine

Melt any

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of these in a ladle of iron, and when hot pour the liquid into the cavity, and after a few days dress the wound with mild ointment; if the first application does not answer, scald again.

COUGHS, AND CHRONIC COUGHS.

THE action of coughing arises from a sudden and violent effort of the abdominal muscles, together with those of the ribs and the diaphragm, uniting for the intent of forcibly ejecting any substance or fluid which may have gathered in the air-passages, and which, passing from the larynx down the trachea, would irritate the lungs and obstruct the respiration.

There are many diseases, such as glanders, brokenwind, consumption, &c., to which a cough is generally allied, but in any of the cases the removal of the original complaint is the best means of subduing any affection of the air-passages. A chronic cough, however, will sometimes exist apart from all other disease, when the horse will eat well, and even look in good condition, showing its symptoms more frequently in the morning and evening, and generally after drinking ; and thus it has been known harmlessly to exist during the whole term of the animal's life; while, sometimes, it has proved exceedingly hurtful.

Causes. When not dependant on any particular dis

ease, it can, most generally, be traced to sudden changes in the weather and temperature, or great exposure to cold or rain.

Treatment. In many slight cases of cough, unattended with any symptoms of fever, a warm stable and clothing sufficient to make the animal perspire freely will give relief. If there be any discharge of mucus, let it be encouraged, in order to ease the lungs. For this purpose the following ball will be essential :Liquorice Powder

Sulphur

Assafœtida

Venice Turpentine

mixed.

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3 drachms,

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This may be administered every other night for a week, at the same time feeding on bran-mashes or carrots; the exercise during this period should be very gentle, and the animal kept tolerably warm. Cordial balls will be occasionally efficacious, and can be given on the intervening nights :

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mixed with honey, and divided into a dozen balls.

To those who prefer giving draughts, the following will answer the same purpose :

Carraway Seeds, (powdered)
Anniseed, (powdered)

Grains of Paradise

1 ounce.

1 ounce.

6 drachms.

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This can be given in warm gruel every alternate day instead of the cordial ball.

The above recipes are solely for such horses as are altogether free from any symptoms of any other disease; consequently it will be important to mark well the horse's general habit and appearance, and note whether the cough arises from any irregularity of the system.

If the cough proceeds from a bad habit of the body, a course of purges will be necessary, when the following may be given:

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In some cases it will be necessary to excite the mucus secretion, as the want of it will greatly irritate the parts affected, when this ball may be given :

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mixed with honey, and given in the morning before feeding.

When there is too great an abundance of the mucus,

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When the cough is accompanied by fever, it may in many cases be requisite to bleed, especially if the horse is plethoric; the feeding should then be more moderate, and gentle exercise will be necessary.

At all times the greatest advantage has been derived from feeding on turnips, carrots, parsnips, or potatoes.

Blistering is efficacious oftentimes when there is much irritation around the larynx; and being applied to the throat, it stimulates the surface, and thus the windpipe is considerably relieved.

Horses subject to coughs should be exposed as little as possible to the inclemencies of the weather, or any sudden change in the temperature.

Some have tried camphor in cases of chronic cough with great success :

Camphor

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2 drachms,

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mixed with honey, and given as a ball in the morning,

may be tried efficaciously.

An old author gives the following recipe :

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This is mixed wih honey sufficient to make a consistency, and then divided into twelve balls, and given every other night. Many speak in high terms of this.

Chronic cough, if not carefully attended to, will often degenerate into broken-wind.

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