ration. In the other form, the animal wants something to restore a debilitated system; and, consequently, he ought to have such things as improve the condition rather than weaken it. Care should be taken to keep them warm. Poultices were once in very common use, to mature the tumour; from the thickness of the horse's skin, these effected little, and they are now not so general. A blister will hasten the progress of the tumours, and consequently ease the animal of pain sooner than allowing a head to form naturally; when a thick, whiter, and more healthy pus is discharged from the swelling when the part is open, it should be carefully washed, and a little Friar's Balsam applied to the sore will be efficacious. Blaine says, that he has used the following ointment, and found it very excellent in" stimulating to the formation of pus".

"Venice Turpentine, and Blistering Ointment, of each an equal quantity."

As the disease progresses toward a cure, a mild dose of medicine may be properly used. The appetite will be found to increase as the abscess begins to heal: when these are obstinate, and the nasal discharge continues, tonics must be administered, and great care taken to feed and clothe properly, as then is the time to apprehend its termination in Glanders. Horses are not subject to the Strangles more than once, although cases do occur in which the milder form attacks them. This disease appears to be the same with the vives of the old farriers, which term they likewise employed to denominate all disease which they referred as originating in the same.

BROKEN WIND.

THIS is a subject that has long employed veterinary practitioners most of whom differ as to its origin. Our continental neighbours, as well as ourselves, have arrived at no satisfactory conclusion respecting it. To show the variety of opinions entertained on Broken Wind, we need only to hear what Blaine says on their numberless conjectures. "It has been attributed to external and internal causes; to a defect, and to a superabundance, of vital energy; to altered structure of the heart, of the lungs, of the diaphragm, the stomach, the liver, &c.; it is lesion with some, nervous with others, and simple distention with a third. Gibson attributed it to an enlargement of the pulmonary mass generally: Dr. Lower to a rupture of the phrenic nerve; and in later times, it has been mostly attributed by our writers to organic lesion."

Causes. With so many different opinions on the subject, we must doubtless look for a variety of causes assigned, as well as numberless methods of treatment, although none have ever obtained celebrity or emolument by establishing a cure for the Broken Wind. I shall endeavour to give the most popular and approved accounts of each. Broken Wind may arise from the formation of the body; especially, as we may very often discover it in the inferior breed of horses, where the narrow and confined chest will not admit of a well regulated action of the lungs, and further, from the distended bellies usually seen in gross feeders, and likewise in mares, among which it more frequently occurs than with the horse. Ravenous feeding, from keeping the animal too long without his meals, giving him too much

dry food, as straw, chaff, bran, &c. ; sometimes it succeeds chronic cough, or any of those disorders affecting a proper respiration. These are what have been termed the remote causes, although the more immediate ones have not been satisfactorily defined.

Symptoms. Few things are so clearly marked in the disorders to which the horse is subject, than the symptoms of broken wind, which is known by the alteration in his breathing. The cough has more the character of a grunt; the inhalation of breath is generally easy and uniform, while the exhalations are produced laboriously, and oftentimes with pain; when the flanks become distended beyond the ordinary size and then relax into their natural position.

Treatment.-Vain, at present, have proved all attempts to accomplish a cure, although something may be done towards giving relief, by care and skilful management. The food should be of a moist nature, and not overabundant; quality being better than quantity. Turnips, (Swedes,) and the mangel wurzel, will be serviceable, from their being easy of digestion, and they remain no length of time in the stomach. When the symptoms are high, bleeding is sometimes found efficacious. A mild aperient, occasionally administered, will be advantageous: antimony and nitre has been used frequently.

Mr. Lawrence makes the following remarks on this disorder." Broken Wind seldom comes on suddenly, but is generally preceded by habitual coughs and colds; and these causes are considerably aggravated by overfeeding and want of sufficient exercise. In regard to coughs, there is this perceptible difference between those which are recent and inflammatory, and those

which are chronic, or of long standing. In the first, there is generally some discharge from the lungs, but in the latter, there is seldom any discharge what

ever.

"As the horse does not expectorate through the mouth, the mucous is coughed up into the nose, from whence it is afterwards discharged by the action of sneezing. But in the old or dry cough, as there is no mucous coughed up, so the horse does not sneeze after coughing; and much reliance is placed on this circumstance by dealers in forming their opinion as to the state of a horse's lungs.

"It is therefore their custom to pinch the upper part of the trachea or windpipe, to force the horse to cough, so as to enable them to ascertain whether he is sound in his wind; and although this is by no means an infallible criterion, still there is a very manifest difference between the cough of a sound horse and one that is broken-winded; inasmuch as the one is clear, full, and sonorous, whilst the latter is short, and generally attended with a wheezing noise, and mostly accompanied by a discharge of wind from the fundament, in consequence of the sudden contraction of the abdominal muscles in the effort to expel the air from the lungs. Many curious tricks are said to be practised by the lower class of horse-dealers, such as giving the animal a large quantity of oil, and sometimes a quantity of leaden shot, both equally ridiculous and unavailing ; but the most absurd practice of all, is the custom of making an artificial and additional opening to the anus, with a view of more easily letting out the wind with which horses in this state are particularly troubled. This flatulency or collection of air in the intestines, has no connexion whatever with the cavities of the chest; and the only inconvenience which it occasions,

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arises from its distending the belly, and consequently impeding, in some degree, the action of the lungs. It is produced entirely from that indigestion which always accompanies, more or less, a diseased state of the lungs; for as a free and perfect respiration is essential to the general health and vigour of animal bodies, so the want of it must naturally impair the action of the stomach, and produce the inconvenience above-mentioned."

The system of cutting the anus, cannot be too greatly exclaimed against; it is now going fast into disuse. Horses afflicted with this disease ought to have a moderate degree of exercise every day when not in ordinary employment. Drink ought to be administered in small quantities and often, and be but seldom given while in draught.

ROARING.

THIS is chiefly to be detected when the horse is put into a brisk trot or gallop, especially up hill, when a strange kind of grunt will issue from the throat if subject to it. Striking the animal suddenly will produce the same sound: it is not very perceptible when in gentle exercise.

Causes. Inflammation in the tracheal tube; a band of lymph running across the larynx and windpipe, and thus obstructing his power of breathing freely. It is sometimes the effect of strangles and cold.

Treatment-When active inflammation produces it,