As to the absence of servants in the militia, see stat. 42 Geo. 3. c. 90. s. 61.

Provided he have resided in the parish forty days.] In order to gain a settlement by hiring and service, there must not only be a hiring and a service, as already mentioned, but there must also be a residence by the servant, (at a place of rest) (w), of forty days, either consecutively or at different times within the year (). And the parish in which he sleeps the last forty days, is that in which he is settled (y). Or if, without fraud, he reside some days in one parish and some days in another, during the last forty days, the parish in which he sleeps during the last night of his service, is his place of settlement (z), provided he have slept there the remaining thirty-nine days at some period during the year (a). It is immaterial, however, whether the parish in which he so resides, be that in which he was hired or serves (5); it is immaterial also whether the servant reside in the master's house or not (c), or whether the master ever resided in the parish in which the servant resides (d), or that the master resided in the parish merely as a visitor or lodger (e). Where the year's service is under different hirings (ƒ), the forty days' residence (g), or at least some part there

(w) R. v. Mildenhall, 4 B. and A. 374. ii. 692.

(a) Goring v. Moltsworth, 1 Barnard. 436. Set. and Rem. 219. ii. 693. (y) R. v. Eldersley, 2 Bott, 274. ii. 532. Feversham v. Gravenny, Fort. 221. ii. 533. R. v. Ladock, Burr. S. C. 179. ii. 642. R. v. Crosscomb, Burr. S. C. 256. ii. 601. R. v. Bath Easton, Burr. S. C. 774. ii. 694.

(z) Greenwich v. Longdon, Burr. S. C. 243. ii. 695. R. v. Hedsor, Cald. 51. ii. 696. R. v. Nympsfield, Cald. 107. ii. 697. R. v. Lowess, Burr. S. C. 825. ii. 698. R. v. Hulland, Doug. 657. ii. 699. R. v. Iveston, Cald. 288. ii. 700. See R. v. St. Andrew's, Holborn, 2 Bott, 292. Cald. 403. ii. 701. R. v. Undermilbeck, 5 T. R. 387. ii. 702. R. v. Great Bookham, Cald. 290. ii: 703.

(a) R. v. Denham, I M. and S: 221. ii. 704. R. v. Findon, 4 B. and C. 91. ii. 705.

(b) Feversham v. Gravenny, Fort. 22t. ii, 533. R. v. Spitalfields, 2 Bott, 276, 8 Mod. 309. ii, 706. See R. v. St. Peter's, in Oxford, Fol. 193. ii. 535.

(c) R. v. Whitechapel, Fol. 146. 2 Bott, 276. ii. 707.

(d) St. Peter's, in Oxford v. Chipping Wycomb, Str. 528. ii. 708. Bishop's Hatfield v. St. Peter's, Str. 794. 2 Bott, 276. ii. 709. R. v. Friendsbury, Burr. S. C. 644. ii. 710. R. v. East Ilsley, Burr. S. C. 722. ii. 711.

(e) R. v. St. Peter's, in Oxford, Fol. 193. ii. 535. R. v. St. Andrew's, Holborn, 2 Bott, 292. Cald. 408. ii. 701. See Alton v. Elvetham, Burr. S. C. 418. 2 Bott, 280. ii. 712.

(f) See ante, p. 47.

(g) Eardisland v. Leominster, 2 Bott. 253. ii. 631.

of (h), must be during the service under the yearly hiring; and all must be within the compass of a year (i).

(h) R. v. Apethorpe, 2 B. and C. 892. ii. 713; and see R. v. Adson, 5 T. R. 98. ii. 714.

(i) R. v. Denham, 1 M. and S. 221. ii. 704. R. v. Findon, 4 B. and C. 91. ii. 705.

By stat. 54 Geo. 3. c. 170. s. 4. no person shall gain a settlement by reason of any residence within a parish, &c. whilst confined therein as a prisoner upon civil process, or for any contempt.

By stat. 52 Geo. 3. c. 72. s. 8. no person shall gain a settlement in the parish of Binsted, by residence in any house, lodge, or other building in the forest of Alice Holt.

As to residence in a workhouse or poor-house, or in a house provided by any charitable institution, see stat. 9 Geo. 1. c. 7. s. 4. 59 Geo. 3. c. 12. s. 11. 54 Geo. 3. c. 170. s. 6.

Fraud, its effect upon a settlement by hiring and service.] We have seen that if a contract of hiring for less than a year, be merely colourable for the purpose of avoiding a settlement, but be in substance a hiring for a year, (as for instance, a hiring for eleven months, and to give one month over,) a settlement will be gained by it (k). Ante, p. 44.

(k) R. v. Milwich, Burr. S. C. 433. ii. 556.

We have also seen, that if an absence of the servant be fraudulently caused, for the purpose of preventing a settlement, either by the master (1), or by the servant (m), or by the contrivance of both (n), it is a dispensation only, and not a dissolution. Ante, p. 52.

(1) Eastland v. Westhorsley, Str. 526. ii. 680. R. v. Sulgrave, 2 T. R. 376. ii. 579; but see R. v. North Cray, 2 Bott, 334. ii. 665. R. v. Market Bosworth, 2 B. and C. 757. ii. 553.

(m) R. v. Preston, Burr. S. C. 69. 2 Bott, 310. ii. 224. R. v. Potter Heigham, Burr. S. C. 690. ii. 659; but see R. v. North Basham, 2 Bott, 335. ii. 689.

(n) R. v. Frome Selwood, Burr. S. C. 565. ii. 690.

It is now only necessary to observe, that if fraud form any part of a special case, it must be expressly stated; for the Court of King's Bench will not imply it (0).

(0) R. v. Preston, Burr. S. C. 69. 2 Bott, 310. ii. 224; and see R. v. Weston, Burr. S. C. 166. Str. 1156. ii. 715.

6. SETTLEMENT BY APPREnticeship.

If any person shall be bound an apprentice, and inhabit in any town or parish, such binding and inhabitation shall be adjudged a good settlement (p), unless the binding be to a certificateman (q), or the apprentice be a certificateman in that parish (→); the settlement to be in that parish in which the apprentice resided during the last forty days of the service (s).

(p) 3 W. and M. c. 11. s. 8. See 56 Geo. 3. c. 139. s. 5.

(9) 12 Ann. st. 1. c. 18. s. 2. See R. v. Hinkley, 4T. R. 371. ii. 305. R. v. Hampton, 5 T. R. 266. ii. 716. St. Cuthbert's v. Westbury, Burr. S. C. 470. ii. 717. Romsey v. St. Michael's, Burr. S. C. 640. ii. 718; but see R. v. Petham, Burr. S. C. 154. ii. 719. R. v. Bishopside, Burr. S. C. 381. ii. 277. R. v. Spotland, Burr. S. C. 527. ii. 287. R. v. Clisthydon, Burr. S. C. 161. ii. 720. R. v. St. Peter's, in Derby, I T. R. 218. ii. 290. R. v. Wensley, 5 T. R. 154. ii. 268. R. v. St. Peter's, in Nottingham, Burr. S. C. 391. ii. 721.

(r) 9 and 10 W. 3. c. 11. See R. v. Weddington, Burr. S. C. 766, ii, 722. R. v. Alfreton, 7 T. R. 471. ii. 314.

(s) Vide post.

There must be a legal binding.] In the first place, the binding must be by deed, and not by agreement merely (t); but whether the deed be indented or not, is now immaterial (u), although formerly otherwise (v). And this deed must be produced upon the trial of the appeal, and proved as in ordinary cases (w); or if lost or destroyed, then, upon proof thereof, the binding may be proved by secondary evidence (x).

(t) R. v. Stratton, Burr. S. C. 272. ii. 723. R. v. Mawman, Burr. S. C. 290. ii. 724. R. v. Whitchurch Canonicorum, Burr. S. C. 540. 1 Bott, 526. ii. 725. R. v. Highnam, 1 Bott, 553. ii. 726. R. v. Margram, 5 T. R. 153. ii. 727. R. v. All Saints, Hereford, Burr. S. C. 656. ii. 728. R. v. Kingsweare, Burr. S. C. 839. ii. 729. R. v. St. Michael's, in Bath, Burr. S. C. 731. ii. 730. R. v. Ditchingham, 4 T. R. 769. ii. 731. R. v. St. Helen's, in Abington, Burr. S. C. 735. ii 732.

(u) 31 Geo. 2. c. 11. s. 1. See R. v. Rainham, 1 East, 531. ii. 733.

() See Smith v. Birch, I Sess. Ca. 222. ii. 734. R. v. Millingham, I Sess. Ca. 417. ii. 735.

(20) See Arch. Pl. and Ev. 377. R. v. St. Helen's, Burr. S. C. 735. ii. 736. R. v. Middlezoy, 2 T. R. 41. ii. 230. R. v. Harringworth, 4 M. and S. 350. ii. 737. See R. v. St. Michael's, in Bath, Burr. S. C. 731. ii. 730.

(x) See R. v. Stourbridge, 8 B. and C. 96. ii. 738. R. v. Castleton, 6 T. R. 236. ii. 739. R. v. Morton, 4 M. and S. 48. ii. 740. R. v. St. Mary le bone, 4 D. and R. 475. ii. 741. R. v. East Farleigh, 6 D. and R. 147. ii. 742. R. v. Long Buckby, 7 East, 45. ii. 743. See R. v. East Knoyle, Barr. S. C. 151. ii. 744.

2dly. It must be between proper parties (y).

In ordinary cases it must be executed by the appren. tice (z), though an infant (a); but it is not necessary that it should be executed by the master (6).

In cases of parish apprentices, it need not be executed either by the master (c), or by the apprentice (d); but it must be executed by the majority of the churchwardens and overseers (e); or, where a parish contains many townships, &c. each maintaining its own poor, then it must be executed by the overseers of the township, and the persons acting as churchwardens of the same, (although really sworn in as churchwardens of the entire parish,) or the major part of them (f); or, by two persons, acting or purporting to act in the double capacity of churchwardens and overseers (g). And it must be approved of by two justices of the peace (h), (together (i),) after an inquiry into the fitness of the master, &c. (k); and the same as to indentures, by reason of which any expense whatever shall be incurred by public parochial funds (). A poor child, however, may

(y) See R. v. Louth, 8 B. and C. 247. ii. 745. R. v. Guildford, 2 Chitty, Rep. 284. ii. 746. R. v. St. Margaret's, Lincoln, Burr. S. C. 728. ii. 747. Anon. 2 Bott, 370. ii. 748. R. v. St. Petrox, Dartmouth, 4 T. R. 196. ii. 749.

(z) Case of Chesterfield, 2 Salk. 479. ii. 750. R. v. Cromford, 8 East, 25. ii. 751. R. v. Ripon, 9 East, 295. ii. 752. R. v. Arnesby, 3 B. and A. 584. ii. 753.

(a) R. v. Cromford, 8 East, 25. ii. 751.

(b) R. v. St. Peter's on the Hill, 2 Bott, 377. ii. 754. R. v. Fleet, Cald. 31. ii. 755.

(c) R. v. Fleet, Cald. 31. ii. 755. See 8 and 9 W. 3. c. 30. s. 5.

(d) R. v. St. Nicholas, in Nottingham, 2 T. K. 726. ii. 756. R. v. Woolstanton, 1 Bott, 610. ii. 757.

(e) 43 El. c. 2. s. 5. See 1 and 2 Geo. 4. c. 32. s. 1. R. v. Earl Shilton, 1 B. and A. 275. ii. 758. R. v. Lutterworth, 3 B. and C. 487. ii. 759. (f) 54 Geo. 3. c. 107. s. 1, 2. See R. v. Nantwich, 16 East, 228. ii. 760. (g) 51 Geo. 3. c. 80. s. 1. See R. v. St. Margaret's, Leicester, 2 B. & A. 200. ii. 761. R. v. Stoke Golding, IB. and A. 173. ii. 762.

(h) 43 El. c. 2. s. 5. See 7 J. 1. c. 3. 56 Geo. 3. c. 139. s. 1-6, [1. R. v. Hinkley, 1 B. and A. 273. ii. 763. R. v. Hickley, 12 East, 361. ii. 764. (i) R. v. Hamstall Redware, 3 T. R. 380. ii. 765. See R. v. Winwick, 8 T. R. 454. ii. 766.

(k) 56 Geo. 3. c. 139. s. 1, &c. See R. v. Bawbergh, 2 B. and C. 222. ii. 767. R. v. Newark-upon-Trent, 3 B. and C. 59. ii. 768. R. v. Sheepy, 8 B. and C. 74. ii. 879.

(1) 56 Geo. 3. c. 139. s. 11. See R. v. Mattishall, 8 B. and C. 733. ii. 769. R. v. Damarel, 7 B. and C. 563. ii. 770. R. v. St. Paul's, Exeter, T. 1829, MS. ii. 771. K. v. Chalbury, I Bott, 643. ii. 772. R. v. Kilby, 10 B. and C. 12. 2 M. and S. 501. ii. 773. See 7 Jac. 1. c. 3.

bind himself out, and in that case the approval of the justices would be unnecessary (m).

(m) R. v. St. Mary's, Reading, Fol. 154. 1 Bott. 699. 2. Id. (nom. Newberry v. St. Mary's) 370. ii. 774. R. v. Arundel, 5 M. and S. 257. ti.

775.

As to apprentices to the sea service, see stat. 2 and 3 Ann. c. 6. 4 Ann. c. 19.

It is no objection, that at the time of the binding the apprentice was an infant (n), or that the master was an infant (0); nor is it material whether the master be of any or what trade (p), or whether he have a right to take an apprentice (9), or whether he have a settlement, or even reside, in the parish in which the apprentice is already settled, or not (r).

(n) 5 El. c. 4. s. 42, 43. R. v. Saltern, 1 Bott. 617. ii. 776; but see as to chimney sweeps, 28 Geo. 3. c. 48. s. 4. R. v. Hipswell, 8 B. and C. 466. ii. 777.

(0) R. v. St. Petrox, in Dartmouth, 4 T. R. 196. ii. 749.

(p) R. v. St. Margaret's, Lincoln, Burr. S. C. 728. I Bott. 613. ii. 747. (9) Anon. Trin. 9 Anu. 2 Bott. 370. ii. 748.

(r) R. v. St. Nicholas, Nottingham, 2 T. R. 726. ii. 756. R. v. Tunstead and Happing, 3 T. R. 523. il. 778. Stoke Fleming v. Berry Pomroy, Set. and Run. 65. 2 Bott. 392. ii. 779. St. Bride's v. St. Saviour's, Salk. 533. ii. 780.

3dly As to period. In ordinary cases, the binding is usually for seven years; in the case of parish apprentices, it should be until the child arrives at the age of twenty-one (if a male) (s), or until the age of twenty-one or marriage (if a female) (t); but if, in the case of a female pauper, it be until her age of twenty-one, without saying or until marriage (u)," or if it be for less than seven years (v), or even for an unlimited time (w), it will be sufficient to confer a settlement; for in these cases the indenture is voidable merely, and not void.

(8) 18 Geo. 3. c. 47.

(t) 43 El. c. 2. s. 5. See Ex p. Davis, 6 T. R. 715. ii. 781. (u) R. v. St. Petrox, Burr. S. Č. 248. ii. 782.

(r) R. v. St. Nicholas, in Ipswich, Burr. S. C. 91. ii. 783. R. v. Evered, Cald. 26. ii. 784. See R. v. Chalbury, 1 Bott. 610, 643. ii. 772. Gray v. Cookson, 16 East, 13. ii. 785. R. v. Gainsborough, Burr. S. C. 586. ii. 786. R. v. Rainham, 1 East, 531. ii. 733.

(w) R. v. Woolstanton, 1 Bott. 610. ii, 757.

4thly. It must be properly stamped, in point of value, in cases where a stamp is required by law (a) ; (1) Vide infra, in notis.