CHAPTER I.

GENTRAL SKETCH OF THE WHOLE PERIOD FROM
THE FALL OF NAPOLEON TO THE ACCESSION OF
LOUIS NAPOLEON.

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Resumé of the War just concluded. The second
Drama was one springing out of Social Passions.-
Causes which rendered it so Violent.-Govern-
ments now aimed at Peace, and the People clam-
ored for War.-Causes in France which predis-
posed to the Revolution of 1830.-Causes which
made England share in the Convulsion.-Great
effects of the Revolution in both Countries.-Po-
litical Alliance between France and England
which followed this Change. Effects of the
Change upon the Colonial Empire of England. -
Still greater Results of the Free-trade Policy of
England.-Vast Extension of the United States
of America.-Vast Increase of Russia during the
same Period.-Continued Increase of Russia from
the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848.-Simultaneous
Conquests of the English in India, and their Origin
in necessity. Their great Frequency and Extent.
-Revolution of 1848 in Paris.-Causes of the Fall
of Louis Philippe.-Calamitous effects of the Rev-
olution of 1848 in Europe.-Extreme Violence of
the Revolution in Germany. - Successful stand
against the revolutionary Spirit in England and
France.-Restoration of military Power in Aus-
tria. Restoration of military Despotism in France
by Louis Napoleon.-Great Increase of external
Dangers from the Effects of the Revolution of 1848.
- Disastrous Effects of this Revolution on the
Cause of Freedom.-Dangers of Great Britain in
particular-Causes which have rendered the Con-
dition of Great Britain so precarious.-Extraor
dinary Change in the national Mind in this re-
spect. Dangers springing from the Free-trade
System.-Dangers arising from the Change in our
foreign Policy.-Gold Mines of California and Aus-
tralia.-Tendency to undue Influence of Wealth
in the later stages of Society.-Way in which this
is brought about.- Influence of Contraction and
Expansion of the Currency on Rome, and on Eu-
rope in the sixteenth Century.- Vast effects of
the Expansion of the Currency during the War.-
Great Distress over the World from the Contraction
of the Currency since the Peace.-Amount of that
Contraction. Hopeless prospects of Industry in
Great Britain.-Vast effect of the Discovery of the
Californian Gold.-What if California had not been
discovered?-Vast blessings which its Discovery
has introduced.-Immense Effect of the applica-
tion of Steam to mechanical Labor and Import-
ance of its being inapplicable to Agriculture.-
Proof of this from statistical Considerations..
What if the Case had been otherwise? - Influ-
ence of this Law on the Fate of particular Nations.
-Great effect upon the Fortunes of the Species.
-Effect of general Education on general Morality.
-Proof of this from various Countries.-Reasons
of this peculiarity in human Nature. - General
Power of Thought over Mankind. Great conse-
quent Influence of Mind on human Affairs.-Ease
with which the Press may be perverted to the
purposes of Despotism.-Great effect of the dis-
of Steam and Electric communication.-In-
covery
creased corresponding Activity in the principles
which counteract Evil.-Way in which this was

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brought about.-General longing after represen-
tative Institutions.-Doubts which their general
Failure has excited among Men.-Effect of repre-
sentative Institutions in Britain. Its effects in
America-Rise of Divisions and Passions of Race.
-Great error in supposing national Character de-
pends on Institutions.-Wars of Races are the
great passion of Eastern Europe.-Doubts as to
the wisdom of representative Institutions.-Real
Character, good and evil, of representative Insti-
tutions. Great effect of the Social Passions of
Europe in propelling its Inhabitants to the New
World and of the discovery of the Gold Mines
of California and Australia. What if the Case
had been otherwise? Increasing Influence of
Russian Conquest. - Migratory propensities of
Men in the youth of Civilization.-Corresponding
moving propensities in the maturity of Civiliza-
tion.-Necessity of republican Institutions to Colo-
nial Settlements. Adaptation of the Sclavonic
and Anglo-Saxon Character to the parts assigned
them in their Progress.-Destiny of the race of
Japhet in reference to Christianity.-Increasing
influence of Religion in Europe.-Differences of
the era of this History and that of the Last.

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CHAPTER II.

HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE PEACE OF PARIS,

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IN 1815, TO THE END OF THE YEAR 1816.
Commanding Position of Great Britain at the close
of the War.-Statistical Facts proving the general
Prosperity of the State.-Warm and general An-
ticipations of general Prosperity on the Peace.-
Universal disappointment of these Hopes, and
general Distress. - Beginning of the Distress
among the export Merchants.-Its spread to the
Agriculturists. -Severe scarcity of 1816.- Dis-
tress among the Manufacturers, and Causes to
which it was owing.-This general suffering was
not owing to the transition from War to Peace.
-Diminished supply of the precious Metals from
South America. Simultaneous and rapid Con-
traction of the Paper Currency of Great Britain.
-Important Discussions on the Property Tax and
other topics.-Argument against the Property Tax
by the Opposition. It was specifically a War
Tax.-Not necessary as a general measure of Fi-
nance.-Argument on the other side by the Min-
istry. No breach of Faith in its continuance.-
The Petitions for its repeal not unanimous.-Ne-
cessity for its Continuance.-Abolition of the Tax.
Vital Consider-
-Reflections on this Subject..
ations on the Question, which were overlooked at
this Time.Remission of the War Malt Tax.-
Reduced Estimates formed by Government.-Ar-
gument for a Reduction of Expenditure by the
Opposition.-Argument on the other side by Min-
Establishments ultimately voted.-De-
bates on Agricultural Distress.-Argument of the
Opposition on the subject. Argument on the
other side by the Ministry.-Measures of Gov-
ernment in regard to the restriction of cash Pay-
ments and a Loan from the Bank.-Argument of
the Opposition against the continuance of the
Bank Restriction Act.-Answer of the Ministry.
-Reflections on this Subject.-Extraordinary In-
sensibility to right Conclusions which then pre-
vailed.-General errors on the Subject which then

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isters.-

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prevailed.-Consolidation of the English and Irish
Exchequers.-Reflections on this Subject.-Mo-
tion respecting the Holy Alliance by Mr. Brough-
am.Bill for the detention of Napoleon. - Mar-
riage of the Princess Charlotte of Wales.-Votes
for public Monuments.-Monuments to Sir T. Pic
ton and others. Grants to the Officers and Men
employed in the War.-New Coinage.-Reflec-
tions on the preceding parliamentary Narrative.
-Efforts of the factious to stir up Sedition.-Spa-
field Riots. Expedition to Algiers. Outrages
which led to it. Description of Algiers. - Lord
Exmouth's Preparations for an Attack.-The man-
ning and fitting out of the Fleet. - Departure of
the Fleet and Voyage to Algiers.-Preparations
of the Algerines.-Arrival of the Fleet off Algiers.
-Commencement of the Battle.-Continuance of
the Action, and Positions taken by the Ships.-
Destruction of the Enemy's Ships and Flotilla.-
The Fleet moves out of the Bay.-Results of the
Battle, and killed and wounded.-The Algerines
submit, and Peace is concluded.-Honors bestow-
ed on Lord Exmouth and the Fleet.-Reflections
on this Battle, and the commencement of the as-
cendant of Christianity over Mohammedanism.—
Progressive ascendant of Christianity over Mo-
hammedanism.

CHAPTER III.

HISTORY OF FRANCE FROM THE SECOND RESTORA-
TION OF LOUIS XVIII. TO THE ORDINANCES OF
SEPTEMBER 7, 1816.

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Extraordinary Difficulties of the Government of
France after the Battle of Waterloo.-Difficulties
arising from the changeable disposition of the
French People.-Important effects this produced
in 1815, and Causes of the violence of Opinion.—
Unbounded Humiliation and Sufferings of France
at this time.-Which occasions a universal Re-
action against Napoleon and his adherents.-Dif
ficulties which these feelings threw in the way
of the new Government. Difficulties of Louis
XVIII. in the choice of his Ministers.-Talley-
rand and Fouché are appointed to the Ministry.
-Formation of the Ministry, and Retirement of
Chateaubriand. - The King's Proclamation from
Cambray. His entry into Paris.-Violence of the
Royalists, and difficulties of Louis.-Difficulty in
regard to the Convocation of the Chambers, and
Debates on it. - The King issues an Ordinance,
changing the mode of Elections, of his own au-
thority. Royal Ordinance, changing the Modes
and Rules of Election.- Disunion between the
King and the Duke d'Angoulême and Count d'Ar-
tois as to the Prefects.-The Freedom of the Press
is restored in all but the Journals.. -Reasons
which rendered the Punishment of the leading
Napoleonists necessary.-Lists of Persons to be
accused, prepared by Fouché, and sanctioned by
a royal Ordinance.. Ordinances regarding the
Chamber of Peers.-The Peerage is declared he-
reditary.. Arrival of the allied Sovereigns in
Paris. Army of the Loire.-Its Submission.-
Disbanding of the Army of the Loire.-Reorgan-
ization of the Army into departmental Legions.
-Breaking up of the Museum.-Desperate state
of the Finances.-Settlements of the allied Troops
in France, and their Exactions.-Reaction in the
South. Massacre at Marseilles. - Departure of
Marshal Brune for Paris. He is murdered at
Avignon. Further Massacres in the South. -
Atrocities at Nimes and the surrounding Country.
-Persecution of the Protestants by the Roman
Catholics. Temper of France during the Elec-
tions. Their ultra-Royalist character.-Dismissal
of Fouché from the Ministry.-Fall of Fouché, and
his Death.-Fall of Talleyrand, and his Ministry.
-Ministry of the Duke de Richelieu.-Life of the
Duke de Richelieu.-His Character.--Biography
of M. Decazes. Difficulties of the Negotiations
with the allied Powers.-Exorbitant Demands of

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Austria and the lesser Powers.-Treaty of Paris.
-Convention of 20th November, between the al-
lied Powers, for Exclusion of Napoleon and his
Family from the Throne of France. - The Holy
Alliance, and Causes which led to it.-Terms of
the Holy Alliance.--Treaties regarding the Ionian
Isles, a Russian Subsidy, and Napoleon Bona-
parte. Reflections on these Treaties. - Violent
Temper and Disposition of the Chamber of Dep-
uties.-Composition and Parties in the Chambers.
The extreme Royalists and their Leaders.-
The Provincial Deputies. The Opposition and
its Leaders.- Composition of the Chamber of
Peers.-Opening of the Chamber, and Speech of
the King-Mauner in which the Speech was re-
ceived by the Chamber.-Difficulties at taking
the Oath of Fidelity.-Answer of the Chamber of
Deputies. - Law against seditious Cries.-Law
suspending individual Liberty.-Discussion on it
in the Chambers.-Vehement Discussion on the
Law against seditious Cries.-Law establishing
Courts-martial for political Offenses. Proposal
for rendering the inferior Judges removable dur-
ing a Year.-Discussion on the Acts in the Peers.
-Answer of M. de Fontanes and M. de Brissac.
-Argument against the Law on seditious Cries.
-Speech of Chateaubriand on the Subject-Re-
flections on the Deaths of Ney and Labedoyère.
-External Influences exerted against the Gov-
ernment.- Considerations which weighed with
the Court.-Measures of the Government to give
the accused Persons the means of Escape.-
Treachery of Colonel Labedoyère.-His Arrest.-
His Trial and Condemnation.-His Death.-Trial
of Marshal Ney.-His treacherous Conduct.-His
Departure from Paris, and Arrest at Bossonis.-
His Trial before the Chamber of Peers.-His De-
fense and Condemnation.-Appeal to the Capitu-
lation of Paris.-He is found guilty, and sentenced
to Death. His Death determined on by the King.
-His Execution. Reflections on this Event,
and on the Duke of Wellington's share in the
Transaction. Trial of Lavalette. The King's
pardon is applied for in vain.-He escapes by the
aid of his Wife, and in her Dress. Sir Robert
Wilson, Mr. Hutchinson, and Mr. Bruce enable
him to escape. - Mode in which they effect his
Escape, and their Trial. - Adventures of Murat
after the Battle of Waterloo.-He embarks, and
lands in Corsica.-His arrival at Ajaccio, and de-
scent on Naples.-The King lands.-Where he
fails, and is arrested.-He is condemned by a
Court-martial.-His Death.-Reflections on this
Event.-Death of Mouton-Duvernet and General
Chartrand. A general Amnesty, which is cold-
ly received by the Chamber.-Modifications with
which it is passed into a Law.-Proposals for a
new Law of Elections.-M. Vaublanc's Argument
in favor of the ministerial Project on the Elec-
tions.-Project of the Royalists.-The Project of
the Royalists is carried in the Deputies and re-
jected in the Peers.-The Budget.-Ministerial
Plan on the Subject.-Proposition of the Chamber
regarding the Clergy-Argument in favor of an
Endowment of the Church.-Answer of the Min-
isters, and their counter Project.-Argument of
M. Bonald against the Law of Divorce.-Changes
in the Administration.-Conspiracy of the Liberal
Party-Outbreak, headed by Didier, at Grenoble.
-Exaggerations of General Donnadieu, and need-
less Severities.-Conspiracy in Paris.-Conspira-
cy at Lyons.-Preparations of the Government
for a Change in the Electoral Law, and its diffi-
culties. Speech of M. Decazes in favor of a Coup
d'Etat. Adoption of these Principles by the
King, and Preparations for carrying them into Ex-
ecution.-Ordinance of Sept. 5, 1816.-Consterna-
tion of the ultra-Royalists, and Dismissal of Cha-
teaubriand.-Great effects of this Ordinance.-
The whole Chambers were elected by royal Ordi-
nance.- Reflections on the Reaction of 1815,
which was forced by the Nation on the Govern-

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ment. The greatest Iniquities of the Period were
committed by Juries.-Expedience of abolishing
entirely the Punishment of Death in purely polit-
ical Offenses.-Banishment is its proper Punish-

ment.

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CHAPTER IV.

DOMESTIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FROM THE COM-
MENCEMENT OF 1817 TO THE REPEAL OF THE BANK
RESTRICTION ACT IN 1819.

Vicissitudes and ceaseless Chain of Events in hu-

man Affairs.-Exemplifications of this Vicissitude

in the History of France and England after the

Revolution.-Consoling Features even in the Ruin

of the Old World. - Fundamental Cause which

has led to Disaster in France.-What has done so

in England. The mercantile Aristocracy pursue

Measures for their peculiar Interests.-Which, in

Ignorance, are supported by the operative Man-

ufacturers. Reason of this frequent Disappoint-

ment of general Wishes.-Continued Distress and

Discontent in the Country.-Plan formed of a gen-

eral Insurrection. - Meeting of Parliament, and

Attack on the Prince Regent.-Report of the Se-

cret Committee in both Houses.-Suspension of

the Habeas Corpus Act, and passing of the Sedi-

tious Meetings Act.-Measures of Government to

suppress the Insurrection, which breaks out at

Derby.-Extension of the Suspension of the Ha-

beas Corpus Act.-Restoration of Confidence and

improved Prospects toward the close of the Year.

-Finance Accounts of 1817, compared with 1816.

- Mr. Peel's Irish Insurrection Act. Trial by

Jury in civil Causes in Scotland.-Its entire Fail-

ure. Acquittal of Watson and Hone. - - Reflec-

tions on this Subject.-Error at that Period in the

English Law.-Good effects of the Suspension of

the Habeas Corpus Act.-Motion of Mr. Brough-

am regarding the Trade and Manufactures of the

Country. Establishment of Savings Banks, and

diminished severity of Punishment in criminal

Cases. Return of Mr. Canning from Lisbon, and

Death of Mr. Ponsonby and Mr. Horner.-Mr. Hor-

ner's Life and Character.-His Character as an

Orator and political Philosopher. Death of the

Princess Charlotte.-Universal Grief of the Nation

at this Event.-Improved Condition of the Coun-

try in the end of 1817 and Spring of 1818.-Cause

of this increased Prosperity-Steps of the Bank

toward Cash Payments. Argument for the re-

sumption of Cash Payments by the Opposition.-

Answer by the Ministers.-Bill of Indemnity for

Persons seized under the Suspension of the Ha-

beas Corpus Act. - Military and Naval forces

voted, and Revenue.-Expenditure, and Increase

of Exports, Imports, and Shipping, in 1817 and

1818. Grant of a Million to build new Churches.

-Treaty with Spain for the abolition of the Slave

Trade. Alien Bill, and Mr. Brougham's Commit-

tee concerning Charities.-Efforts of Sir Samuel

Romilly to obtain a relaxation of our Criminal

Code.-Death of Sir Samuel Romilly.-His Char-

acter. Death and Character of Lord Ellenbor-

ough.-Death of Warren Hastings and Sir Philip

Francis-Sir James Mackintosh: his early Life.

-His Character as a Statesman and Writer.-

His Character as a parliamentary Speaker.-

Death and Character of Queen Charlotte.-Favor-

able aspect of Affairs at the opening of 1819, and

Disasters at its close.-Commencement of the De-

bates on the Currency Question.-Petition from

Bristol against the too speedy Resumption of

Cash Payments.-Its tenor.-First Speech of Mr.

Peel on the Subject.-Petition of the Merchants

and Bankers of London in favor of continuing the

Restriction: which is presented to the House

of Commons by the first Sir R. Peel.-His Speech

on the Occasion continued.-Argument of Mr. Peel

in favor of the Resumption of Cash Payments.-

Argument on the other side.-Decision of Parlia-

ment on the Subject.-Reflections on this Decis

ion. Mr. Vansittart's Finance Resolutions.-Mr.
Vansittart's Finance Plan and new Taxes.-Sir
James Mackintosh's argument in support of Crim.
inal Law Reform.-Answer of Lord Castlereagh.
-Sir James Mackintosh's Motion is carried.-Re-
flections on this Subject.-Results of Experience
on the Subject.-What has caused the apparent
Anomaly? True Principles on the Subject.-Clan-
destine Succors sent by the English to the South
American Insurgents.-Argument of Ministers in
favor of the Foreign Enlistment Bill.-Answer by

the Opposition.-The Succors to the Insurgents

still continue.-Reflections on this Subject.-Vast

Extent of the aid thus afforded to the Insurgents.

-Punishment which England has received for

this Injustice.-Dreadful Losses arising from our

Interference with South America.

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CHAPTER V.

PROGRESS OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE, THE ARTS, AND

MANNERS, IN GREAT BRITAIN AFTER THE PEACE.

Great Impulse given to Literature and Science after

he War.-Way in which War produces this ef

fect. Rapid Progress of Steam Navigation in

Britain, and of the Cotton Manufacture.- Prog-

ress in other branches of Manufacture.-Brilliant

Eras in Literature which generally succeed those

of great public Dangers.-Literary Character of

Sir Walter Scott. Peculiar Character of his

Writings. Their elevated moral Character.-The

Defects of his later Writings.-Lord Byron.-His

Merits and Defects.-His Dramas and Don Juan.

-Moore as a lyric Poet.-His Oriental turn and

satirical Verses.-Campbell: his vast and noble

Genius. His lyrical Poems.-Rogers' Pleasures

of Memory.-Southey: his peculiar Character.—

His Merits as a Historian and Moralist.-Words-

worth his Character as a Writer, and great

Fame.-Parallel between him and Goethe.-Cole-

ridge: his poetic_Character. Mrs. Hemans.

Crabbe.-Joanna Baillie.-Tennyson.-Character

of the prose Compositions of the Period.-Dugald

Stewart. His want of original Thought. - Dr.

Brown.-Paley.-Malthus: what led to his Doc-

trines.-Great Influence and rapid spread of his

Doctrines. His Errors, and subsequent Demon-

stration of them. His Character as a political

Philosopher. - Ricardo, M'Culloch Senior, and

Mills.- -Davy: his philosophical Discoveries. -

Herschel, Playfair, D'Israeli, Alison. Modern

Geology Buckland, Sedgewick, Sir Charles Ly-

ell, and Sir David Brewster.-Rise of the learned

Reviews and lengthened Essays. Rise of the

Edinburgh Review, Quarterly Review, and Black-

wood's Magazine.-Jeffrey. - Brougham. - Sir

James Mackintosh.-Sidney Smith.-Macaulay.

-Lockhart. Wilson. - Change in the Style of

History. Hallam.-Sharon Turner and Palgrave.

-Lingard: previous Prejudices of the Historians

of the Reformation.-His Merits and Defects as a

Historian. Tytler: his impartial Character.-His

Merits and Defects. - Napier. Lord Mahon.—

Macaulay's History.-Miss Strickland.-Mitford.

-Grote.-Arnold.-The new School of Novelists.

-Miss Edgeworth.-Mr. James.-Sir Edward B.

Lytton. His Merits as a Poet and dramatic Writ

er.

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1

Disraeli. - Dickens.-Thackeray and the

Dickens School. Miss Austin. - Mrs. Norton.-

Mr. Warren.-Carlyle. Dr. Croly.- Hazlitt.-

Bentham.-Chalmers.-Monkton Milnes and Ay-

toun.-L. E. L., Warburton, and the Author of

Eothen. -The Fine Arts Architecture. — Sir

Thomas Lawrence. - Turner.- Copley Fielding,

Williams, Thomson.-Grant. Pickersgill, Swinton.

-Landseer. Wilkie.-Chantrey.-Flaxman. —

Marochetti.-Mrs. Siddons.-John Kemble.--Miss

O'Neil-Kean.-Miss Helen Faucit.-Decline of

the Drama in England, and its Causes.-The ex-

clusive System in Society: its Causes.-Its great

Effect on Society.-Increasing Liberalism of the

higher Ranks.-Influence in Society of the great

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