TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN.

ORGANIZATION OF AN ARMY IN THE FIELD.

The formation by divisions is the basis of the organization and administration of armies in the field.

A division consists usually of two or three brigades, either of infantry or cavalry, and troops of other corps in the necessary proportion.

A brigade is formed of two or more regiments. The first number takes the right.

Mixed brigades are sometimes formed of infantry and light cavalry, especially for the advanced guards.

As the troops arrive at the rendezvous, the general commanding-inchief will organize them into brigades and divisions.

The light cavalry is employed as flankers and partisans, and generally for all service out of the line.

Heavy cavalry belongs to the reserve, and is covered, when necessary, in marches, camps, or bivouacs, by light troops, or infantry of the line.

The arrangement of the troops on parade and in order of battle is1st, the light infantry; 2d, infantry of the line; 3d, light cavalry; 4th, cavalry of the line; 5th, heavy cavalry. The troops of the artillery and engineers are in the centre of the brigades, divisions, or corps to which they are attached; marines take the left of other infantry; volunteers and militia take the left of regular troops of the same arm, and among themselves, regiments of volunteers or militia of the same arm take place by lot. This arrangement is varied by the general commandingin-chief, as the circumstances of war render expedient.

Brigades in divisions, and divisions in the army, are numbered from right to left; but in reports of military operations, brigades and divisions are designated by the name of the general commanding them.

The order of regiments in brigades and of brigades in divisions may be changed by the commander of the division for important reasons, such as the weakness of some corps, or to relieve one from marching toc

long at the rear of the column. Such changes must be reported to the general commanding-in-chief.

The general commanding-in-chief assigns the generals of divisions and of brigades to their respective commands, when the assignment is not made by the Department of War.

The general of brigade inspects his troops in detail, by companies, when he takes the command and at the opening of the campaign, and as often as may be necessary to ascertain exactly their condition. The general of division makes similar inspections when he thinks proper. At these inspections the generals examine the arms, clothing, equipment, harness, horses, &c., direct the necessary repairs, and designate the men and horses to remain in depot, or march with the train.

Reports of inspections are made by the general of brigade to the general of division, and by the general of division to the general commanding-in-chief.

During marches and all active operations, generals of brigade keep themselves exactly informed, by reports of corps and by their inspections, of the actual strength of the regiments, so as always, and especially after an engagement, to make accurate returns to the general of division.

Staff officers, and officers of engineers, ordnance, and artillery, according to the nature of the service, are assigned to the headquarters of armies and divisions, and detached brigades, by order of the general commanding-in-chief, when the distribution of these officers has not been regulated by the War Department. The necessary staff will be assigned to commanders of brigades.

When an engineer or other officer is charged with directing an expedition or making a reconnoissance, without having command of the escort, the commander of the escort shall consult him on all the arrangements necessary to secure the success of the operation.

Staff officers, and commanders of engineers, ordnance, and artillery, report to their immediate commanders the state of the supplies and whatever concerns the service under their direction, and receive their orders, and communicate to them those they receive from their superiors in their own corps.

The senior officer of engineers, of ordnance, and the departments of the general staff serving at the chief headquarters in the field, will transmit to the bureau of his department at Washington, at the close of the

campaign, and such other times as the commander in the field may approve, a full report of the operations of his department, and whatever information to improve its service he may be able to furnish.

The report of the officer of engineers will embrace plans of military works executed during the campaign, and, in case of siege, a journal of the attack or defence.

CONTRIBUTIONS.

When the wants of the army absolutely require it, and in other cases, under special instructions from the War Department, the general commanding the army may levy contributions in money or kind on the enemy's country occupied by the troops. No other commander can levy such contributions without written authority from the general com manding-in-chief.

ORDERLIES.

At the opening of a campaign, the commander of an army determines and announces in orders the number of orderlies, mounted or foot, for the Generals, and the corps or regiments by which they are to be supplied, and the periods at which they shall be relieved.

In marches, the mounted orderlies follow the Generals, and perform the duty of escorts, or march with orderlies on foot at the head of the division or brigade.

The staff officer who distributes the orderlies to their posts sends with them a note of the time and place of departure; those relieved receive a like note from the staff officer at the headquarters.

Mounted soldiers are to be employed to carry despatches only in special and urgent cases.--(See Despatches.)

The precise time when the despatch is sent off, and the rate at which it is to be conveyed, are to be written clearly on the covers of all letters transmitted by a mounted orderly, and the necessary instructions to him, and the rate of travel going and returning, are to be distinctly explained to him.

DEPOTS.

The grand depots of an army are established where the military operations would not expose them to be broken up. Smaller depots are organized for the divisions and the several arms. They are commanded by officers temporarily disabled for field service, or by other officers when necessary, and comprise, as much as possible, the hospitals and

depots for convalescents. When conveniently placed, they serve as points for the halting and assembling of detachments. They receive the disabled from the corps on the march; and the officers in command of the depots send with the detachments to the army those at the depots who have become fit for service.

CAMPS.

A camp is the place where troops are established in tents, in huts, or in bivouac. Cantonments are the inhabited places which troops occupy for shelter when not put in barracks. The camping-party is a detachment detailed to prepare a camp.

Reconnoissances should precede the establishment of the camp. For a camp of troops on the march, it is only necessary to look to the health and comfort of the troops, the facility of the communications, the convenience of wood and water, and the resources in provisions and forage. The ground for an intrenched camp, or a camp to cover a country, or one designed to deceive the enemy as to the strength of the army, must be selected, and the camp arranged for the object in view.

The camping-party of a regiment consists of the Regimental Quartermaster and Quartermaster Sergeant, and a Corporal and two men per company. The General decides whether the regiments camp separately or together, and whether the police guard shall accompany the campingparty, or a larger escort shall be sent.

Neither baggage nor led horses are permitted to move with the camping-party.

When the General can send in advance to prepare the camp, he gives his instructions to the Chief of the Quartermaster's Department, who calls on the regiments for their camping-parties, and is accompanied, if necessary, by an engineer to propose the defences and communications.

The watering-places are examined, and signals placed at those that are dangerous. Any work required to make them of easier access is done by the police guard or Quartermaster's men. Sentinels, to be relieved by the guards of the regiment when they come up, are placed by the camping-party over the water if it is scarce, and over the houses and stores of provisions and forage in the vicinity.

If the camping-party does not precede the regiment, the Quartermaster attends to these things as soon as the regiment reaches the camp.

On reaching the ground, the infantry form on the color front; the cavalry in rear of its camp.