tophanes, and only once in Hippocrates, where it denotes to immerse a ship. Let it be observed, then, that there are instances in each of these writers which Mr. Lindsay overlooked in his researches, and they are of such a character that Mr. Gall would neither be likely to find them nor to publish them when found. Here they follow :

1. Esop-One of the salt-bearing mules rushing into a river, accidentally slipped down, and rising up lightened, (the salt becoming dissolved,) he perceived the cause and remembered it; so that when passing through the river he purposely lowered down and baptized the panniers.

2. Esop-Having a grudge against a fox for some mischief done by her, after getting her into his power, contrived a long time how to punish her, and baptizing tow in oil, he bound it to her tail and set fire to it.

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drowned persons breathing hoarsely and emitting a low sound.

II. I now proceed to shew, by carefully classified passages from ancient writers, that the words bapto and baptizo, both specific in regard to action, are indiscriminately and interchangeably employed in describing similar circumstances. In this way we shall call in usage to the aid and illustration of etymology.

I. DIPPING THE PERSON.

1. Bapto-"The Egyptians regard the swine (hog or sow) as an unclean beast, and if any of them passing by touch a swine, he goes away and entering into the river dips himself with his clothes."-Herodotus Euterpe.

4. Hippocrates-And she breathed as persons breathe after having been baptized, and emitted a low sound from the chest-like the so-called ventriloquists.

The reader will remember the dogma of Mr. Gall, that baptizo when used in relation to things implied that they were sunk and remained at the bottom; when used in regard to persons, that they were drowned. These four instances thoroughly demolish his theory. 1, The panniers were baptized, but did not remain at the bottom. They were only submerged while the sagacious mule was performing his passage across the river. 2, The tow was baptized in the oil and lifted out again, to be applied to the purpose assigned in the fable. 3, The man was not praised because he drowned the stewards, but because he dipped them forcibly- -a kind of punishment which has frequently been resorted to in modern days with offenders whom the law cannot reach. 4, The people of whom Hippocrates speaks as breathing with oppression after a baptism were not drowned-at least we suppose not, never having heard a drowned person breathe. But Mr. Gall, who has discovered the invisible church, may likewise have heard

sel overtook."-Josephus, Jewish War.

3. Baptizo-" Then she abode in the camp three days, and went out in the night into the Valley of Bethulia, and immersed herself in a fountain of water by the camp."-Judith xii. 17.

4. Baptizo-" He who has immersed himself after touching a dead body, if he touch it again what will his bath avail him ?"-Ecclesiasticus xxxiv. 25.

As the material with which we deal is rather dry, notwithstanding all the water, we must do our best to brighten and charm the road. Mr. Gall, then, is called upon to mark the fact that the baptized men of whom Josephus speaks were not drowned by their immersion. They raised their heads to breathe and to ascertain the possibility of escape. The immersion was a reality before any vessel of vengeance overtook them, or missiles of wrath struck them on the head. Mr. Gall noticed the case of Judith in the Appendix of his little book. Besides his original folly about the drowning he has some other objections to urge against immersion in this case. One is, the impossibility of supposing that Judith would expose her person so near to a Heathen camp; a second, the improbability of finding space or depth for immersion in a fountain, as it would be neither brook nor river. If Mr. Gall will walk a few miles from his own home to Portobello,

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some fine day in the present season, he will find the Scottish nymphs baptizing themselves at no great distance from nude men, with hundreds of curious spectators lining the shore; and yet, forsooth, in the East, where the person was more exposed, and in an age of more old-fashioned simplicity, a woman was to be too modest to immerse herself, even with the blanket of midnight for a covering! This kind of reasoning properly belongs to the Old Bailey, but should not be found in the kirk. By the way, Judith was not a very likely person to be nervous or timid. Any" Peeping Tom," from Coventry or elsewhere, intruding on her ablutions would have been in very great danger of getting more than he desired. As to the size or depth of the fountain, when Mr. Gall is ready to make his confession in the ancient manner, I will undertake to shew him a fountain where Goliah the Gittite or Og, the King of Bashan, might easily be baptized, or even drowned, if that were desirable. I may now finish the case under this heading by giving one more from Plutarch.

5. Baptizo-"Call the old Expiatrix, and baptize thyself into the sea, and spend a day sitting on the ground."

I presume Mr. Gall will grant, if he is in a gracious mood, that if this person had drowned himself he could not have returned from the deep to spend a day sitting on the ground. But to dismiss the smile for a moment, it is worth while to compare the cases No 1 and 4. Mr. Gall may deny the immersion in the latter case, but Maimonides is a better authority than himself, with all deference. Though the illustrious Jew cannot always be depended upon as an expositor of the law, yet he is invaluable as a witness to fact. He can shew us how the law was understood and applied. Thus he delivers himself:Wherever in the law the washing of the clothes or of the flesh is mentioned, it means nothing else than the dipping of the whole body in a laver ; for if any man dips himself all over except the tip of his little finger, he is still in his uncleanness." The passages from Herodotus and the Apocrypha, in conjunction with the statement of Maimonides, suggest to the thoughtful mind the fundamental idea which had penetrated both the Egyptian and the

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Hebrew. Indeed, it was natural wherever there was religious training and deep meditation on the mysterious connection between any one member and the whole body, likewise the profound connection and interaction between body and soul. The pollution of a part extended to the whole, and demanded entire submersion.

II. DIPPING IRON.

1. Bapto-"As when a coppersmith, tempering a great axe or hatchet, dips it into cold water, it makes a great hissing."—Odyssey.

2. Baptizo-"Since the mass of iron drawn red-hot from the furnace is immersed in water, and the fiery glow by its own nature quenched with water ceases."-Homeric Allegories.

III. DIPPING OF DRINKING VESSELS.

vant, take a vessel and having dipt it 1. Bapto-" Thou ancient maid-serin sea water, bring it to me."-Euripedes, Hecuba.

2. Bapto-" To day water-bearers do not dip the pitcher; to day do thou, Argus, drink of the fountains, but not of the rivers."-Callimachus.

the River Sybaris would flow beside 3. Bapto-"Oh! that the honey of me, and then in the morning the girl of water."-Theocritus. could dip the pitcher in honey instead

have seen a buckler, or a helmet, or a 4. Baptizo--"Thou wouldest not pike, but the soldiers along the whole and goblets, from great wine jars and way immersing with cups, and horns, mixing bowls, were drinking to one another."— Plutarch.

is in the hand; for if any of them is 5. Baptizo--" For their drinking cup toward the stream and lets down his thirsty while sailing, he directs his face hand into the water, and immersing it hollowed, and filling it with water, he and hits the mark."-Achilles Tatius. darts the draught toward his_mouth

IV. DIPPING OF SHIPS.

1. Bapto-"A ship, when violently pushed with the foot, dips; and by removing the foot it returns to where it was."-Euripedes, Orestes.

2. Baptizo-" And already becoming immersed and wanting a little of sinking, some of the pirates attempted to leave and get aboard of their own bark."-Heliodorus, Ethiopics.

3. Baptizo-"As to enter into the ship or not to enter, is in our own power; but the sudden coming on of a storm and tempest in fair weather depends on fortune, and that the immersed ship beyond all hope is saved, is owing to the providence of God."Life of Pythagoras.

4. Baptizo-"We all therefore shifted our position to the more elevated parts of the ship, in order that we might lighten that part of the ship which was immersed."— Achilles Tatius, Clitophon and Leucippe.

Once more from the school to the playground, lest weariness should prevent instruction. We perceive from these accumulated instances how thoroughly false the idea of a difference in regard to action betwixt the words bapto and baptizo. They are both used to describe hot iron dipped into cold water-both used to describe the dipping of cups, horns, and goblets into the river or into the sea, into honey or into wine jars and both employed in reference to ships baptized, but neither sunk nor remaining at the bottom.

While we deal in criticism the writers on our own side should not escape entirely. Truth and justice are the lords of the manor, and should be as paramount in the critical as in the moral region. I had occasion to remark in a former notice, that a man may have an extensive acquaintance with Greek, with small power for the philosophy of language. It is quite as true on our side as on the other. Mr. Lindsay had a wide range as a scholar, but was very scantily supplied with the philosophic or the critical power. He had immense industry in gathering material, but no scientific skill in the disposition and distribution of his riches. On the 7th page of his treatise Mr. Lindsay thus speaks, It may be here observed that bapto and baptizo generally agree in denoting insertion into a liquid or even into a solid, but that baptizo denotes a total immersion, while bapto may only denote a partial dipping." This is entirely unfounded: there is no such distinction in existence Baptizo denotes a partial dipping as often as bapto. The words being equally specific in regard to a certain action, one of them has no leaning to the total and the other no aptitude for the partial. They both mean to dip, and whether it be partial

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or total-viz. whether it be the dipping of a hand or a head, or the whole person-one word is as classical and as emphatic as the other.

On the 14th page of his treatise Mr. Lindsay says "Bapto may be, and often is, used for ships that dip in the water ; but when baptizo is applied to ships it denotes that they are entirely sunk. The word, however, does not, in many cases, inter ruin, as we have seen a bladder can be immersed but is not destined to sink." This is nearly all confusion. In the first place, baptizo is as frequently used as bapto in relation to ships which merely dip in the water, without being sunk and destroyed. The instances which I have given in this article of baptized ships that were saved may be compared with the instances furnished by Mr. Lindsay of baptized ships that were lost. In the second place, the word baptizo, which Mr. Lindsay says "does not, in many cases, infer ruin," never infers or implies ruin. The word means to dip-element or administrator, purpose or consequence, are not in the word. The element may be water, or mire, or sleep-in sea, or swamp, or city--the administrator may be a peaceful missionary, a murderer or a midnight storm the result may be death or life, cleansing or contamination; but none of these things enter into the meaning of the word.

But while we have ships before us let it be remarked, that Mr. Gall's ship is entirely lost! If such is the classic baptism, verily it has received it, being sunk to the bottom, without hope of resurrection. Alas! for that noble vessel, that fine Argosy which sailed into the Forth with purple streamers flying, laden with a cargo of explosive material to blow up the Baptist cause. Let all the merchants wail, for without any storm the ship has gone down at midday.

I now proceed in the construction of the tables, which will have abiding service quite irrespective of Mr. Gall or his argument, though his refutation will be complete at the same time. I shall first notice a few instances in which the two words bapto and baptizo, when tropically used, are still employed as equivalent. Mr. Lindsay informs us that Aratus, 280 B. C. speaks of the stars dipping into the sea-the word employed is bapto. In the Argonautic

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Expedition, line 512, it reads-" But when Titan immersed himself into the ocean stream"-the word employed is baptizo. Mr. Gall will grant at once that the stars only dipped into the sea, and were not lost there; and as we are equally sure that the sun only took a bath, and arose again bright as ever, all is pleasant so far.

Moschus the Poet, who flourished 250 years B. C. represents Venus as having lost her son Cupid, and she advertises him in a very striking manner. "He has fair hair, but a grim countenance; his hands are small, but shooting even to Acheron and the King of Hades; he is naked, but his mind is covered; his bow is small, but the arrow on his bow is carried up to the ether; he has a golden quiver, but in it are bitter arrows which have often wounded me. If thou can'st catch him, bring him bound, do not pity him; it he weep, beware lest he deceive thee; even if he laugh, do thou bring him; but if he wish to kiss thee, avoid his kiss, for it is evil and his lips are poison. If he offer thee his armour, take none of it; his gifts are deceptive, for they have all been dipped in fire"-the word used is bapto.

It was very excellent advice which was tendered by the ancient lady, but alas! how little human beings profit even by the most sage counsel. A long while afterwards the runaway was found by a sinner who had a wide channel into his system both for love and wine, but very small compunction. Thus he speaks-"I found Cupid in the roses and holding by the wings I immersed him into wine, and took and drank him" (Julian, Ode on Cupid.) In this instance the word is baptizo.

V. DIPPING THE SWORD.

1. Bapto-" Having dipped the twoedged sword in the throat."-Eschylus,

Prometheus.

2. Bapto-"This coat is a witness to me that the sword of Egisthus had dipped him."-Eschylus Chophari.

3. Baptizo-"And stretching out the right hand so as to be unseen by none, he immersed the whole into his own neck."-Josephus, Jewish War.

4. Baptizo-" And they who behold suppose that the steel is immersed down the body, but it runs back into the

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hollow of the hilt."-Achilles Tatius, Clitophon Leucippe.

VI. DIPPING OF MISCELLANEOUS THINGS FOR COVENANTAL, MEDICAL, OR EX

PERIMENTAL PURPOSES.

1. Bapto-" He (Socrates) having melted wax, took a fly and dipped both its feet in the wax."-Aristophanes, Clouds.

2. Bapto-"When the Scythians make an oath they do it in this manner, pouring out mixed wine into a large cup, they mix the blood of those making the oath or covenant, striking off with a knife, or cutting off with the sword, a small part of the body, and then dipping the scymitar, and arrow, and battle axe, and spear."-Herodotus, Melpomene.

3. Baptizo-" The water solidifies so readily around everything that is immersed into it, that they draw up salt crowns when they let down a circle of rushes."-Strabo, Geography.

4. Baptizo-"Those therefore who were defiled by the dead body, casting a little of the ashes into a fountain and immersing a hyssop-branch, they sprinkled on the third and seventh days."Josephus, Jewish War.

5. Baptizo-" Then immersing the pessary into oil of roses or Egyptian oil, apply it during the day; and when it begins to sting, immerse again into breast milk and Egyptian ointment."On diseases of Women, b. i.

the case, so confidently laid down by The reader will remember the law of

Mr. Gall, in defiance of all Lexicons as well as of all truth and fact-that

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Baptizo means to put an object under water, and let it remain there." The

instances collected from classical sources are dead against him. They could not be more decisive. The pess ry, the hyssop-branch, the circle of rushes, were out again; yet baptizo is the word emall dipped in and immediately taken ployed to signify the action. Plunging sharp weapons into the body is quite as conclusive. Baptizo was just as effectual as bapto in forcing the sword into the system, and had no more tendency than his brother bapto to leave the weapon behind.

Two or three instances may not be out of place in which the word baptizo is employed in relation to calamity. With these we shall conclude the

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THE CHURCH In the Summer of 1864 the church in Liverpool was cheered by the addition to its numbers of a highly intelligent ship captain. In his confession he stated, that having been for some time a diligent Bible student, he had views of Christianity similar to those held by us, but had never heard of or met with individuals holding the like. He was not however to remain long unacquainted, for a Christian mother, anxious for the welfare of her sailor-son, had sent on board for his perusal during the voyage a copy of the B. M. Harbinger, and from this volume captain H. learned with much delight of the existence of churches formed on New Testament prin ciples. On arriving in Liverpool he lost no time in making his way to Hope Hall, was at once baptized, and received into fellowship. Soon after this he sailed for Rio de Janeiro, and from thence to Calcutta, taking with him, as second mate, a brother in the faith From these ports we have received letters, extracts from which will be interesting to the readers of the B. M. H. Writing from Rio de Janeiro, October 7, 1864, captain H. says, "For a week, or perhaps two, after leaving home I was much unsettled as to the best manner of doing the Lord's work in the vineyard in which he had placed me. I could not tell how to manage effectively and to the Lord's honor. I soon began however, and determined, as Paul did in Greece, to

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tenance and a strong hand. The buried ones emerged again, and stood on the shore of peace.

Mr. Gall can make the application. He and his vessel, or theory, have gone down beneath the wave; but though the ship is sunk for ever, the man may surely emerge and find a firmer standing place, where the ground may not shake under his feet. It was at best only a Phantom Ship or a Flying Dutchman, and he will be all the better by losing both vessel and cargo.

We invite him to that solid ground occupied by saintly men of the olden time where such language as the following could be uttered: "Ye are all the children of God, by faith in Christ Jesus; for as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ." A solid faith in great facts was the beginning of the good work, crowned and completed by an immersion into the Son of God. G. G.

IN THE SHIP.

'know nothing but Christ and him crucified.' The Lord blessed the means used, so far as to set the crew discussing amongst themselves about Scripture more and more rationally than many of them had ever done in their lives. Enforcing the command to believe, repent, and be baptized, for the remission of sins' and 'the gift of the Holy Spirit, eompletely astonished them, and made some very uneasy. The steward, a pious and zealous Methodist, was very earnest in his enquiries, followed with trembling the example of the noble Bereans, left nothing unweighed, found that sectarianism is wanting,' and surrendered to the whole truth of God's Word. On the 17th September he was baptized on confession of faith, and on Sunday the 18th I gave him the right hand of fellowship in the name of the church, and he joined M— and myself in the ordinances. Many others shew a good deal of interest, but I have not yet found others who, having counted the cost are willing to put on Christ;' though they shew much interest in hearing and learning the truth.

I have latterly incorporated the proclamation of the Gospel with our own worship, and I find it the most profitable and convenient plan. We have only the one service on the Lord's day. We sing, pray, read expound, exhort, and observe the ordinances of the Lord's Supper and the fellowship as usual; but with the exhortation