(d) Terms connected with the Church

baptism charity homily piety religion

Bible

devotion

ceremony friar

sermon

idolatry pilgrim sacrifice tonsure
penance relic

(e) Terms connected with Domestic Life, Cooking,

Dress, &c.

aunt

(f) Terms connected with the Family—

consort cousin parent spouse

uncle

Over and above the terms belonging to these classes, large numbers of French words must have been introduced by the numerous imitators and translators of French books, by foreign craftsmen who settled in England, by traders with the continent, by scientific men, and by soldiers who had returned from the French wars.

IV. LATIN ELEMENT OF THE FOURTH PERIOD. FROM A.D. 1480.

283. The revival of learning, the invention of printing, the great religious and political controversies of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the study of science and philosophy, and the almost exclusive study of classical literature in our grammar schools and universities, have all contributed in various ways to swell the Latin element in the English language during the last 400 years. The Latin words of this period are mainly taken from the Latin direct, and are

readily recognised by the little alteration that they have undergone, as compared with Latin words that have come to us through the French. In some instances the same word has come to us in both ways. In such cases we have almost invariably given the derivatives slightly different meanings. Comp.

CHANGES IN LATIN WORDS.

284. The most important specific changes which Latin words undergo in passing through French are the following. 1. Loss of letters in the beginning of words (Aphœ

resis)

adamas

hemikrania (ημικρανία)

oryza

2. Loss of letters in the body of words (Syncope). The accented or tonic vowel, as it is called, in the Latin word always remains unchanged. The unaccented or atonic vowel, if short, whether occurring immediately before or after the tonic vowel, disappears. When two consonants occur together in the Latin word, the first usually disappears in the derivative, e.g. captivus, chetif; when a consonant occurs between two vowels, it usually disappears in the derivative, e.g. crudelis, cruel.

implicare employer employ

3. Loss of the final syllable (Apocope)—

5. Syllabic changes.-a. The double consonant ct becomes it after a vowel

b. Al is often softened into au, and el into eau

c. Ol and ul are often softened into ou

Interchange of p, b, and v, with g soft.

This takes place when b is followed by ia, io, ea, or ea. The i was sounded like j, and ultimately passed into g.

At the beginning of a word (Prosthesis).