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tion, so they can use them for their own base purposes, while others regard them as a nuisance, and would be glad to get rid of them in almost any way. A person who is truly and earnestly interested in the welfare of this poor, down-trodden people, meets with but little encouragement or sympathy; even many of the Indians do not appreciate the efforts made in their own behalf. There are some fine-looking boys among them, who are naturally smart, and if they were taken into civilized society and edu cated among white people, would make intelligent and useful citizens. I greatly wish that some of them could be sent East and educated in our institutions of learning. It is my opinion that if the Government would protect the Indians and care for their rights as it has for the freedmen of the South, many of them would become good citizens. As it is now they have no rights that a white man feels bound to respect. When they visit the towns and settlements they come in contact with a low, vile class of persons, who sell them intoxicating liquor and give them disease. From such persons they have learned much of what they know of civilization, and it has been rather a curse than a blessing to them. White men, who seem to regard them as being but little better than dogs, live among them, apparently for the purpose of having illicit intercourse with the women, and the law seems to be ineffectual to prevent it. It appears to me to be the duty of the Government to protect the rights of Indians as well as any other class of people, and not, because of their ignorance, permit them to be so shamefully abused, as they undoubtedly have been in many instances.

In my last annual report I referred to the very unsatisfactory condition of this reservation, which arises from the fact that the extent or boundary thereof is unknown. In a subsequent communication to the superintendent of Indian affairs for this Territory, I stated fully and explicitly all the facts connected with the history of an addition which was made by a former agent, the boundary of which was never definitely indicated, and upon which all the improvements have been made with the exception of the school-house. I also endeavored to show the urgent necessity for early action on the part of the Government to have this addition legally annexed to the reservation before the land was taken by settlers. Therefore, I do not deem it necessary to more than refer to the matter in this report, and to say that the same necessity still exists for the settlement of this question by the Government, and to state that the portion of the addition, including all the improvements, could be annexed to the reserve without interfering with any squatter; also, to express the hope that this addition may be made in the proper manner and surveyed at an early day. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

R. H. MILROY, Esq.,

E. M. GIBSON, United States Indian Agent.

Superintendent Indian Affairs, Olympia, Washington Territory,

No. 68.

SKOKOMISH AGENCY, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,

August 31, 1872.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following annual report for the year ending August 31, 1872.

The Indians under my charge are mainly composed of two tribes, the Clallams and the Twapas.

The Clallams are the most numerous, numbering something over 600. Their original home was from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles distant, and they have never made this their home, but only visit here at rare intervals. I have, at some considerable expense and effort, moved some of their leading chiefs and Indians by force on to the reservation, hoping by this means to draw the whole tribe, but the effort has not proved successful. They have never, so far as I can learn, accepted the terms of the treaty so far as to reside any considerable portion of the time upon the reservation. They mostly live near the different saw-mills, where many of the men get steady employment at good wages. Others fish extensively and do a thriving business in this line. They are peaceable, half civilized, and, excepting that they drink a great deal of liquor, are well to do. This vice is the bane of their lives, and is very general. They connive with hundreds of unprincipled whites to supply themselves with unlimited quantities of this destructive fluid. Nothing short of a vigilant secret detective police force can prevent, or to any considerable extent restrain, this unlawful traffic. The Twanas number about 300, and make the reservation mainly their home. Their principal business is logging, which they prosecute quite successfully in the summer, but fish and wander about in the winter. Most of the reservation is low and wet, and while it is the very richest of soil, is subject to an annual overflow, reudering it untit

to reside upon in the winter. Consequently, at this season of the year, their village is on a high point of land three miles distant from the agency, and there is nothing they can do to advantage on the reservation. During the past year they have cut and sold 1,300,000 feet of logs at an average price of $5 per thousand. I have taken 25 cents per thousand to make a fund for beneficial purposes; also have furnished them a part of their team, for the use of which I have charged them, using these means for the benefit of the agency.. They have cut about fifty tons of timothy hay, and raised some potatoes and other vegetables. With the aid of the carpenter they have built a dozen comfortable houses, some of which they have inclosed with picket fences, and made very pretty gardens. To these I have furnished fruit-trees and other fruit-bearing shrubs, which has stimulated them very much to make their homes attractive. I consider it very desirable that the land should be divided out to them in severalty, as I believe it would be followed by rapid progress.

The agency has been improved by the erection of some buildings and fences. Three wood houses have been erected; also, a large stable, 26 by 40; two sheds, 10 by 40 each, and one, 15 by 30. These were built two or three feet above the ground, with floors, as the whole of the agency is subject to overflow, and there is no high land on which to build barns, &c. There have been 160 rods of picket fence built, inclosing each of the dwellings at the agency, so that each family has a separate garden; also, poultry-yards, &c., conveniently arranged. Also, 100 rods of rail fence have been built, inclosing land for a large school-garden. There have been raised on the Government farm about 40 tons of hay and 50 bushels of barley. There is also a large garden of vegetables growing for the use of the school. There are 700 fruit-trees, of various kinds, and last fall between three and four hundred bushels of apples, pears, &c., were gathered.

The school, through the earnest efforts of the teacher and his efficient wife, has been put into a healthy condition. The aversion to sending their children to school has been mostly overcome. The inadequateness of the fund for this object cripples us very much. Only $200 a year is allowed for the pay of the assistant teacher, who has to make the clothes, as well as wash, mend, and cook for all the scholars. A liberal appropriation for the school is very much needed, and would add many fold to its efficiency and usefulness. During the latter part of the year there has been a steady attendance of fifteen scholars. These have made good progress, and differ but little from white children in the rapidity with which they acquire knowledge. More scholars could be obtained were there sufficient means to sustain them.

In conclusion, I would again urge the great desirableness of the land being surveyed and divided out to the Indians in severalty, as now they fear that the succeeding ag nt will undo what the former has done, and so deprive them of the results of their labor. I would also strenuously urge, as has been done previously by the superintendent, the great importance of adding to the reservation a strip of high land, bordering on the salt water, two miles long and one mile wide, on the north side, as it is almost indispensable for building purposes, there being but a very small portion of land on the reservation which is suitable, being all too low. This strip is all vacant Government land, and consequently there would be no outlay of money. It is of no special value to settlers, there being scarcely any agricultural land upon it. The Indians already occupy it in winter, and it should by all means be secured to them. All of which is respectfully submitted.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

R. H. MILROY, Esq.,

EDWIN EELLS, United States Indian Agent.

Superintendent Indian Affairs, Olympia, Washington Territory.

No. 69.

QUINAIELT INDIAN AGENCY, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,

September 1, 1872.

SIR: I have the honor to submit my second annual report of the affairs of this agency during the last year.

The condition of the Indians at the present time, in many respects, is much improved. They are leaving off many of their savage habits and adopting those of civilization in dress and ways of living.

During the summer six comfortable houses have been built by the Indians, which they are now occupying and furnishing with stoves and other conveniences of civilization. I have given them all the encouragement in my power by assisting and giving them material for building purposes, such as nails, lumber, and windows, which they are unable to procure themselves.

The agency farm was planted to turnips, potatoes, and other vegetables, and a larger amount of ground planted by the Indians than the year previous, but, owing to the extreme drought and early frost, the crops are a failure. This I regret, as it not only deprives us in a great measure of supporting the school and Indians, but it is calculated to discourage the efforts at farming in the future. I am convinced, after repeated trials, that the soil of this reservation is of such an inferior quality that farming cannot be successfully carried on, and that the Indians must depend chiefly upon the salmon and other fish which they have in great abundance most of the year.

I am unable to report much improvement in the school; the attendance is small, and the opposition difficult to overcome. The Indians look upon the efforts to educate their children with suspicion. Those children who attend have been well provided with comfortable clothing and plenty of wholesome food. I have also given presents in the shape of food and clothing to other children not in regular attendance at the school.

We have also a Sunday-school established, which is tolerably well attended, though but very few of the Indians take an interest in religious matters.

There is a class of unprincipled men living near the reserve who use every means in their power to make trouble between the Indians and employés through misrepresentations of every kind.

The sanitary condition of the Indians is much improved compared with former years, the physician being a man who is well qualified to treat the complaints incident to this climate. He is a faithful employé, who is doing much good in his department. For further information I respectfully refer you to his report. Medicine has been furnished to a large number of Indians not belonging to this reserve, but who live near and come here for medical aid.

This reservation is so situated that it is with difficulty that supplies can be brought in. When the winter rains set in the road over Point Granville becomes impassable. Last winter the road from the ocean beach, where it ascends Point Granville Mountain, was entirely washed away by the heavy storms and action of the sea. Repairs are useless during the winter, as the road will not stand, but must be left until the storms and high tides of winter are over. This is a constant source of expense which cannot be avoided; for these reasons it is necessary to have supplies for the winter and spring laid in by the last of October.

The annuity goods have been purchased, and I am making preparation for their distribution as soon as the Indians can be collected.

The agency buildings are being repaired, and I have purchased some lumber suitable for that purpose; also a house to be occupied by the doctor will be finished this fall, as the one now occupied by him is unfit.

The oxen belonging to the agency are in good condition, and a sufficient amount of hay has been secured for winter use.

The Indians have been peaceable and well disposed during the year; no trouble of a serious nature having occurred.

When the isolated condition of this agency and the many obstacles to be overcome, such as bad influences exerted by designing men, and the natural superstitions of the Indians are taken into consideration, I am of the opinion that full as much progress has been made toward civilization as can reasonably be expected.

The employés are kind to the Indians, and I am satisfied they will do all in their power to promote their general welfare.

I herewith transmit the annual reports of employés, statistical returns of education and farming.

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YAKAMA INDIAN AGENCY, Fort Simcoe, Washington Territory, August 15, 1872.

SIR: The termination of another fiscal year brings me to the duty of auother annual report.

In recalling the history of the year just closed, I find abundant room for congratulation in the memory of the health, peace, material prosperity, and the moral progress of the Indians under my jurisdiction.

The Indians that have been induced to accept the industries of civilization, and have

improved plantations for agriculture in their own right and interest, are all doing well. They have comfortable teuements, in which are found many of the comforts and some of the luxuries of civilization. They have horses and cattle, which enables them to provide against want; they have growing crops of wheat, corn, and vegetables adequate to the use of their families, and in some instances they produce considerable for the market.

The Indians that are most thrifty are those who profess to have been converted and are members of the church. These are very constant in attending upon the regular means of grace as instituted by the Methodist Episcopal Church. Usually their churches are crowded with sincere and earnest worshipers, who are led in their devotions by the agent, or one of the native preachers. The experience of twelve years in this service has confirmed me more and more in the faith with which I entered upon the work, viz: That Christiau truth brought to bear practically upon the character of a savage people is the only means by which such a people can be reclaimed; that the bestowments of material gifts, in the absence of that renovation of character that comes only through Bible truth, accompanied by the influence of the Divine Spirit, is an evil, and not a blessing. Such bestowments never satisfy them, and always tend to corrupt and demoralize them; they engender laziness, and form a kind of gambling stock, that is fruitful of no good. The first condition of improvement in the outside manner of life with any people is the improvement of the heart; here is the place to begin the work of reform among the Indians. If I fail to give moral character to an Indian, I can give him nothing that will do him real and permanent good. If I can succeed in giving him moral character, so that he is no more a liar, a thief, a drunkard, a profane person, a polygamist, or a gambler, but a man of integrity, industry, sobriety, and purity, then he no longer needs the gifts of the Government or the charities of anybody. He then becomes a man like other good men, and can take care of himself. This conclusion throws me back upon the work of moral reform, as my only hope of

success.

Schools.-This work needs begin with the young children, gathering them into the industrial schools of the reservation, where they can be taught lessons of cleanliness, good behavior in the school, in the family, on the play-ground, and everywhere. Here they are taught to speak and read the English language. Here they obtain information and useful knowledge, which they bear to their fathers and mothers, brothers and sisters, and become so many teachers to their people. It is a matter inspiring stronger hope, and making broader the platform of usefulness among the Indians, that the Government has appropriated $1,000 to the school-fund over former years. This will enable us to enlarge our work in this department. Our school for the past year has averaged something over forty children, who have been boarded, clothed, and have made commendable improvement, both in books and work.

The farming interest among the Indians is steadily increasing.

The gambling propensity is diminishing. During the year I have taken rigid measures to break up this practice among them, and have been to quite an extent successful. They are giving up their plurality of wives, and adopting Christian marriage more universally through the nation.

The reservation mills are in good running order. Great inconvenience is suffered in having to haul the logs to the saw-mill so far-from three to six miles. A steam sawmill at another point on the reservation, but little further from the station, costing not more than $4,000, would pay for itself in two seasons. I respectfully request that we be permitted to build such a mill, from the funds saved from the repair of mills, and from "beneficial objects" arising from grazing cattle upon the reservation.

It will be seen by reference to my cash-accounts that between two and three thousand dollars have been received for grazing stock the past year. In addition to the above amount, the Indians have received for herding cattle over $1,000. If allowed to build said mill, it would enable us to build houses, fence farms, and make other improvements, as can never be done with the old mill.

The Indians would be pleased and greatly profited by the above arrangement, without any additional appropriation from Government. The houses built, and farms opened and improved, provides comfort and subsistence for them, and takes them up from the condition of paupers, and makes them self-supporting, releasing the Government from her large and annual appropriation to sustain them. It does more. It gives an undoubted guarantee of future peace. When they have comfortable houses and fruitful fields, with cattle and horses, wagons, plows, and harness, with household goods, they have much to sacrifice if they go to war. These permanent fixtures do more to secure peace with a nation of Indians than regiments of soldiers.

It will be seen by the report of the miller and sawyer that during the year near 100,000 feet of lumber have been sawed for the Indians. These logs were cut and hauled by them, without any expense to the Department. The lumber made was worth $2,000. This lumber has been used in improving their farins, building houses, barns, and a portion has been by them sold to the white settlers around the reservation. My policy is, and has been, to use as little white labor as possible, and supply its place

with Indian labor. 1 have a twofold object in this: first, it gives employment and pay to those who are most needy; and secondly, it holds the young men of the nation. who have set out to be something above wild savages, to habits of industry and useful labor, which is indispensable to the moral well-being of all men of all races.

I remember the fact that the treaty with the Yakama Indians will in a few years expire, when it will be expected of them that they will be capable of taking care of themselves. I hold the same thought in mind in the direction given to the mechanical labor. We are educating young men in our shops to make harness, build houses, work in the mills and on the farms, so as to make them capable in every department of business of taking care of themselves. We have already young men that are capable of building houses, making boots and shoes, making harness, doing good work in the blacksmith-shop, and are good helpers about the mills.

If the remaining installments of money that will be due this nation under the treaty could be invested in cattle, a herd could in a short time accumulate upon the reservation that would yield an annual revenue, greater by far than all that is paid them by the Government. The grasses are spontaneous and very abundant, producing the finest beef on the coast. Cattle generally live and remain fat through the winter by grazing; so the cost of raising a cow or a steer three years old in the range is not as much as to feed the domestic fowls about our doors. These need to be fed, while the cattle feed themselves. The investment of the remaining appropriation due them in cattle, with judicious management on the part of the officers in charge, could not fail to make the whole nation financially independent in a few years.

I have consulted the head-men of the nation, and they are agreed that the annuities as now given by the Government do them very little good, while an investment in cattle would do them and their children good in all time to come.

Suppose $3,000 was invested in young cows, at $30 per head, this would buy 100 bead; these, with their increase, in two years would be worth $6,000, in four years they would be worth $12,000, and in six years $24,000. In the light of this calculation it is easy to see that all the annuity-money that will be due them for the remaining time of the treaty could be made to accumulate into vast proportions, making them capable of taking care of themselves; while under the present system of payment the poverty of the Indian is not relieved to any perceptible extent, and no provision is made against future want. In view of the fine facilities for stock-raising that the Indians have, and in view of the profitable employment this investment would give them, I consider it of great importance that this change be made in the use of their money appropriated for beneficial objects, and that it be done immediately. I earnestly recommend that their land be surveyed.

In conclusion, I call the attention of the Department to the money that was due this agency from the late Superintendent W. H. Waterman, (deceased,) who owed this agency December 31, 1866, $7,250, and professed to pay said amount in drafts, which were protested when presented to the assistant treasurer at San Francisco, California. A particular account of said transaction was given the Department by me in my "account-current," and statement therewith, for the month of July, 1867. This $7,250 embraced the salary of the agent for the quarter ending December 31, 1866. No part of the above money has been received.

For further particulars of information relating to the interest and wealth of this nation, I respectfully refer you to the accompanying blanks, which have been filled, and are herewith sent forward.

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FORT COLVILLE, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,
September 1, 1872.

SIR: I have the honor to report that the Indians under my charge in Northeastern Washington Territory have made, during the past year considerable progress in farming and in the arts of civilized life.

Since having the supervision of these people it has been my constant endeavor to promote harmony and industry amongst them, to assist them in cultivating old and opening up new farms, and to make them generally independent and self-sustaining. They were informed that it was the wish of the President that they should make permanent homes for themselves, and derive their subsistence from cultivating the laud

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