IV. Geography of Europe and of the British Isles. 1. Explain the different systems on which maps are made. 2. Draw a map of Europe, 1871, marking (1.) political divisions, (II.) mountain ranges, (11.) headlands. Maps are of two kinds-celestial and terrestrial. The former represent some part of the surface of the heavens, and the latter of the earth. The earth being globular, maps are constructed by making a projection of the sphere on the plane of some particular circle, supposed to be drawn upon the globe. The projection of the sphere is a perspective representation of the various circles usually drawn upon the surface of the sphere, and is distinguished into three different kinds, according to the situation of the eye of the spectator and the plane of projection. These projections are termed the stereographic, the orthographic and gnomonic projections. In the orthographic projection, the eye is supposed to be placed in the axis of a great circle produced to an infinite distance. This projection is much more intricate than the stereographic, and is only used in some cases in astronomy. In the gnomonic projection, the eye is supposed to be placed at the centre of the sphere. This projection is chiefly applied to dialling. In the stereographic projection the eye is supposed to be situated at the surface of the sphere in the pole of the great circle on the plane of which the sphere is projected. A map of the world must represent two hemispheres, and both must be drawn upon the plane of that circle which divides the hemispheres. (For further information as to the drawing of parallels of latitude, the tropics, polar circles, on different kinds of maps, &c., see "Wyld on the Construction of Maps.") (I.) Political Divisions. Great Britain, comprising England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland; Russia (including kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Finland); Turkey (including the tributary Principalities of Moldavia, Wallachia and Servia); Denmark, Norway and Sweden, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Holland, Austria, Prussia (including Southern German States and the recently acquired French provinces, Alsace, Lorraine, &c.); Spain (with its islands and the republic of Andorra); Portugal, Italy, Greece and Ionian Islands. (II.) Mountain Ranges. Dovrefield, between Norway and Sweden; the Ouralian mountains form part of the boundary between Europe and Asia; Pyrenees, between France and Spain; Balkan and Pindus mountains, in Turkey; Alps, divide France and Switzerland from Italy; Apennines, centre of Italy; Carpathian, in the north of Hungary; the Penine, Cumbrian, Cambrian and Devonian mountains in England; Northern Highlands, Grampian and Lowther ranges in Scotland; Caucasus mountains, between the Black and Caspian Seas; Cerennes, Auvergne, Jura and Vosges, in France. (III.) Headlands. North Cape, north of Norway; Nordkyn, to the east of North Cape; Naze, south of Norway; Skaw, north of Denmark; Wrath, north-west of Scotland; Land's End, south-west of England; Clear, south-west of Ireland; La Hogue, north of France; Ortegal, north of Spain; Finisterre, north-west of Spain; Rocca, west of Portugal; St. Vincent, south-west of Portugal; 3. Draw a map of England, divided. into counties; indicate the situation of the chief towns of each county, and the direction of the principal rivers. Trafalgar, south-west of Spain; Passaro, south of Sicily; We do not think it necessary to enumerate the counties and county towns of England. Direction of the principal rivers : The Tyne drains the west and south of Northumberland, and is formed by the junction of South and North Tyne at Hexham, whence it flows into the North Sea; the Wear traverses the extreme centre of Durham, rises in the west, flows east-southeast past Stanhope and Walsingham to Bishop-Auckland, and thence mostly north-east past Durham and Chester-le-Street to Sunderland, and flows into the North Sea at Wearmouth; the Ouse (Yorkshire) is formed by the junction of the Swale and Ure near Boroughbridge, in the centre of the county, flows south-east past York, Selby and Goole, and afterwards unites with the Trent and flows into the Humber; the Tees, between Durham and Yorkshire, after an eastward course joins the North Sea at Stockton; the Eden rises in Westmoreland, near border of Yorkshire, and flows through Cumberland after a north-west course in Solway Firth; the Mersey rises in the north of Derbyshire, mostly between the counties Chester and Lancaster, and forms an estuary of the Irish Sea; the Dee rises in Lake Bala, Merionethshire, flows through the vale of Llangollen and Wynnstay, then turns north, separating Denbighshire on the west from Flintshire and Cheshire on the east, it flows into the Irish Sea; the Yare, in Norfolk, passes Norwich and enters the North Sea south of Great Yarmouth; the Trent rises in the moorlands of Staffordshire, north of Burslem, flows through centre of Staffordshire, and thence mostly north-east and north through the counties Derby, Nottingham and Lincoln, and joins the Ouse to form the estuary of the Humber; the Severn rises in Montgomeryshire, in a small lake on the east side of Plinlimmon, flows north-east until it enters England, then through Shropshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, and between Somersetshire and South Wales, and flows into the Bristol Channel; the Wye rises on the south side of Plinlimmon in Montgomeryshire, flows through a part of Radnorshire and the counties Radnor and Brecon, and intersects Herefordshire near its centre, and after separating Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire enters the estuary of the Severn; the Great Ouse rises in the south of Bedfordshire, and flows through Northampton, Bucks, Bedford, Huntingdon and Cambridge, and enters the Wash at King's Lynn; the Witham rises in Rutlandshire, and flows north past Grantham and Long Bennington to Lincoln, and then south-west past Tattershall and Boston to the Wash, which it enters north of the mouth of the Welland; the Welland rises near the heads of the Nen and Avon, flows northeast, separating Northamptonshire from Leicestershire, Rutland and Lincoln, to near Croyland, where it turns north and divides into two arms, one of which branches east to Wisbeach, and the other enters the Wash at Fossdyke, after receiving the Glen; the Nen rises in the west of Northamptonshire, flows north-east and enters the North Sea at the Wash; the Itchen is in Hampshire, rises near Alresford, flows past Winchester, Twyford and Bishopstoke, and flows into the sea at Itchenferry, east of Southampton; the Medway rises near East Grinstead in north of Sussex, flows through the centre of Kent, past Maidstone, Rochester, Chatham, and joins the Thames at Sheerness; the Thames rises in the Cotswold Hills, flows at first south to Crick 4. What are the principal manufactures of England? In what places are their principal seats? 5. Where is the distance between Great Britain and Ireland the short- . est? 6. Trace the source of the Shannon. On what river is Dublin situated? Compare the length of the longest river in Ireland with that of the longest in England. 7. What proportion does the area of Portugal bear to that of England and Wales? lade, then east-north-east past Lechdale to near Oxford, and south-east past Oxford, Abingdon and Wallingford to Reading, after which its course is mostly east to Gravesend, and joins the North Sea at the Nore. Cotton-Manchester, Bolton, Blackburn, Preston, Wigan, Bury, Oldham, Burnley, Rochdale, Ashton-under-Lyne, Stockport. Silk-weaving-Spitalfields, Macclesfield, Coventry and Man chester. Woollen-Bradford, Leeds, Huddersfield, Halifax in Yorkshire, Trowbridge, Bradford, Frome, Stroud in the West of England. Hardware-Sheffield, Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Walsall, Cutlery and Tools-Sheffield and Birmingham. Flannels-Rochdale and Halifax. Carpets-Kidderminster, Halifax, Axminster and Wilton. Iron-Merthyr Tydvil, Bilston, Dudley, West Bromwich, Rotherham. Tanning-Bermondsey. Boots and Shoes-Northampton, Wellingborough, Kettering, Stafford, Norwich, Leicester. Lace-Nottingham and Coventry. Earthenware-Burslem and Worcester. Ship-building-London, Liverpool, Sunderland, South Shields and Hull. Watches and Clocks-Clerkenwell and Coventry. Hosiery-Leicester, Loughborough, Hinckley and Nottingham. The shortest distance is between the Mull of Cantire and Fair Head in the North of Antrim. They are separated by the North Channel, which is fourteen miles across. The Shannon flows through the centre and west of Ireland, dividing Connaught from Leinster, and traversing the north part of Munster, where it separates Clare from Tipperary, Limerick and Kerry. It rises in Cuilcagh Mountain, in Cavan, flows at first south-west, and then generally south, through Loughs Allen, Boderg, Forbes and Derg to near Limerick, where it turns west and joins the Atlantic by an estuary seven miles in width at its entrance immediately north of Tralee Bay, and forty-three miles in length. Dublin is on the Liffey. It is estimated that the longest river in England is the Severn, 229 miles, and that of Ireland, the Shannon, which is 224 miles. Few geographies agree as to the length of these rivers. The area of Portugal is estimated at 36,500 square miles; that of England 58,320-about two-thirds. 8. What are the names of the Baleäric and the Canary Islands respectively, and where are they situated? 9. How many counties are there in Scotland; what are their names, and what divides England from Scotland? The Balearic Isles are in the Mediterranean; situated at the west of Spain. They consist of Majorca, Minorca, Iviza, Formentara and Cabrera. The Canary Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean, 60 miles from the west coast of North Africa. They consist of seven principal islands and several islets arranged in the following order, from east to west:-Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, with the islets Graciosa, Montaña, Clara, Alegranza and Lobos, Gran Canaria, Teneriffe, Gomera, Palma and Hierro (Ferro). The coasts of the islands are rocky and abrupt, and they are covered with mountains, of which the Pico de Teyde, in Teneriffe, is 12,182 feet above the sea. Haddington or East Lothian. Wigton. Inverness and Isles. The Tweed, the Cheviot Hills and the Solway Firth divide England from Scotland. Domremy-la-Pucelle is a commune and village of France, department of Vosges, arrondissement and seven miles north of Neufchateau, on the left bank of the Meuse. Is the native place of Joan of Arc (born 1412), whose house is preserved as a national relic. Opposite to it is a handsome monument, with a colossal bust of the heroine. Roquefort, a commune and town of France, department Landes; capital Canton, on the Douze, twenty-three miles north-east Mont-de-Marsan. It has manufactures of earthenwares. There is also a market-town of the same name, department Aude, twenty-two miles south of Limoux. Trafalgar, a headland off the south-west coast of Spain, province Cadiz. In the memorable engagement off Cape Trafalgar, 21st October, 1805, the English under Lord Nelson, who was killed in the action, gained a complete victory over the combined French and Spanish fleets. Tewkesbury, a parliamentary municipal borough, town and parish of England, ten miles north-east of Gloucestershire, in the vale of Evesham, on the bank of the Avon at its junction with the Severn, connected with the Birmingham and Gloucestershire Railway by a branch two miles in length. The battle of Tewkesbury, in 1471 A.D., was fought in the "Bloody Meadow" immediately south of the town. Preston Pans, a burgh of barony, village and parish of Scotland, in the county of Haddington, on the Firth of Forth, eight and a-half miles east of Edinburgh. Near it was fought the battle between the Royalist army and Charles Edward Stuart, 1745 A.D. Wantage, a village in Berkshire, where in 849 A.D. Alfred the Great was born. Ryswick, in the Netherlands, province South Holland. In the south-west a pyramidal monument commemorates the peace concluded here in 1667 between France on the one part and Germany and England, Spain and Holland on the other. Nimeguen, a fortified town of the Netherlands, province Gelderland, on the left bank of the Waal, on railway nine and a-half miles south of Arnhem. It was formerly a free imperial town, and is celebrated for the treaty of peace signed here in 1678. It was taken by the French in 1794 A.D. La Rochelle, a fortified seaport town of France, capital of the department of Charente-Inférieure, on the Atlantic, nearly midway between Nantes and Bordeaux. In the religious wars it was long a stronghold of the Protestants (Huguenots). In the reign of Charles I. the Duke of Buckingham headed a fleet against the French, who were besieging the town, but it was finally taken by Louis XIII. in 1628. Meaux, a town of France, in the department of Seine-etMarne, twenty-five miles east-north-east of Paris, on the Marne and on the railway to Strasbourg. It was taken by the English in 1520 A.D., after a siege of five months. Talavera, a city of Spain, in the province of Toledo, on the right bank of the Tagus, here crossed by a bridge of thirty-five arches. On the 27th and 28th July, 1809, the English and Spanish troops, under the Duke of Wellington, defeated the French under Joseph Bonaparte and Marshals Jourdain and Victor. Lodi, a city of North Italy, Lombardy, capital, circle Lodi and Crema on the right bank of the Addo, nineteen miles south of Milan. It was founded in the year 1158 A.D. by the Emperor Frederick I., and is enclosed by walls. On the 10th of May, 1796 A.D., Napoleon I. gained a decisive victory over the Austrians here. 1. Add up the following numbersseven thousand and one, seven hundred and eighty thousand fourscore and four, one million one hundred and one, the third of eleven millions and seven, the fourth of eighty-two thousand four hundred and seventy-two, two billion and fifty, seventythree thousand and seventeen. Write the total in words. V. Arithmetic. 7001 780084 1000101 3666669 20618 2000000000050 73017 2000005547540 Two billion, five million, five hundred and forty-seven thou sand, five hundred and forty. Ans. |