10. State what you know of the following:-Declaration of Rights, Test Act, Bank Restriction Act, Statute of Provisors, the Law of the Six Articles, Benevolences, Danegeld, Frankpledge. The Declaration of Rights (1689) provided that William and Mary should be king and queen of England for life, the chief administration resting with William, &c. The Test Act (1673) required that all persons holding public offices should subscribe a declaration against the doctrine of transubstantiation, &c. Bank Restriction Act (1797) compelled all persons to accept notes for sums above 20s. This bill remained in force till 1st May, 1821. Statute of Provisors (1352) gave the king power to appoint archbishops, bishops, and other dignitaries, and rendered it penal to procure presentations to benefices from the court of Rome. It abolished First Fruits. The Law of the Six Articles (1539) required every one to endorse the following articles:-1. Transubstantiation; 2. Single Communion; 3. Celibacy of the Clergy; 4. Vows of Chastity; 5. Private Masses; 6. Auricular Confession. Benevolences were sums of money raised by the king without the consent of parliament. First adopted by Edward IV. Danegelt was a tax first levied in the reign of Ethelred II., for the purpose of paying the Danes twelvepence per year on each hide of land not to invade England. Frankpledge came out of the law of Edward the Confessor. It was a system by which all men were bound to be in a guarantee by tens to answer for the good behaviour of one another. By the men of York it was called Tenmannetale. IV. Geography of Europe and of the British Isles. 1. To what two great principles may the various methods for constructing maps be referred. Explain the nature and advantages of what are known as " Mercator's projec tion," and the "Gnomonic projection" respectively. Some projections are perspective representations of the earth; others are developments. "Mercator's projection."-Besides the modes of projecting maps for geographical purposes, there is another and most important purpose for which they are required — that of narigation. Now in all geographical projections the direction either of the north and south or of the east and west points (that is, of the meridians or the lines at right angles to the meridians), and in many cases that of all the cardinal points, is represented by curved lines, and it is therefore obvious that on such maps the course of a vessel would in almost all cases be represented by a curved line also. In all cases if a ship's course did not lie either in a due north and south or east and west direction, the line which she described could only be traced by continually laying from the meridians under which she passed a line at an angle equal to that made with the meridian by the point of the compass on which she was sailing. It would in many cases be extremely difficult to draw such a line, and as the navigator constantly requires to lay down on a map the track which he has been pursuing, and also to see the bearing of other places from that which he occupies (or the point of the compass on which they are situated) in order that he may be enabled thereby to direct his course, the main purpose which he requires a map to serve is that of enabling him to represent correctly, by a straight line, any rhumb or point of the compass. Such is the method pursued in Mercator's projection, in which the meridians are all drawn as straight lines perpendicular to the equator, and at equal distances from one another. The parallels are represented by straight lines parallel to the equator, and also, like it, at right angles to the meridians. The "Gnomonic projection" supposes the eye to occupy the center of the sphere, and the sphere itself to be enclosed within a circumscribing cube, upon the six equal forces (or planes) of which the projection is supposed to be made. If straight lines be drawn from the eye to every point upon the surface of the sphere, and prolonged until they meet the planes of the circumscribing cube, the points at which they meet those planes will be the projections of the corresponding points of the sphere. The advantages in the use of the gnomonic projection in the construction of maps of the heavens consists in fact that a straight line joining any two stars represents the apparent shortest distance between them, so that all the stars which appear on the same line in the heavens are found on the same line on the map. 2. What is the proportion of land and water in Europe? Draw a map of the Baltic, indicating all the places of importance on the coast. . The proportion of land and water is about five-sixths land and one-sixth water. Russia Prussia Sweden 3. Describe the precise situation of the following capes:-Matapan, La Hogue, Finisterre, Passaro, Clear, Roca, Skaw, Di Leuca, Spartivento. Matapan, south of the Morea, Greece. La Hogue, north-west of Normandy. Clear, south of Cape Clear Island, off the coast of Cork. Skaw, north of Jutland. Di Leuca, south-west of Italy. Spartivento, south-west of Italy. There is a cape of the same name in Sardinia. 4. What are the principal rivers which flow into the Black Sea and the Mediter. ranean Sea respectively? Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Don (Sea of Azov), Kouban-Black Sea. Ebro, Rhône, Arno, Maritza-Mediterranean Sea. 5. Draw the coast line of England and Wales, indicating the principal headlands, river mouths and seaport towns. See previous Nos. of this Magazine. 6. Name the capital or chef-lieu of each of the following departments :-Gironde, Seine Inférieure, Vienne, Rhône, Pas-de-Calais, Basses-Pyrenées. 7. What is the entire area of Scotland, and what proportion of this area is occupied by the adjacent islands? Describe these islands. The area of Scotland, including the islands, is 30,685 square miles. The area of the islands is 3,650 square miles. The Shetland Islands form an archipelago of about thirty islands. Mainland in the S.W. comprises about half the area, and more than half the entire population. Other islands are Yell, West Fetlar, Whalsey, Bressay, East and West Burra, Papa-Storer, Fould (conjectured to be the Ultima Thule of Tacitus), and Fair Isle, intermediate between Shetland and Orkney. Shores are rocky and greatly indented, especially in mainland; climate very damp and variable. The Orkney Islands form an archipelago off the N. of Scotland, separated from Caithness by the Pentland Firth, which is only five-and-a-half miles at the narrowest part. There are seventy-three islands and islets, counting every one that has flowering plants growing in it; but seventeen of these become peninsulas at low water, and only twenty-nine are inhabited. The principal is Pomona, or Mainland. Shores are bold and precipitous, particularly on the W.; the interior generally undulating. The climate is mild, and the temperature remarkably equable-cooled by the surrounding ocean in summer, and raised by the warm Gulf Stream in winter. The Hebrides or Western Islands are a series of islands off the W. coast of Scotland, consisting of two principal groups: the Outer Hebrides-Lewis, Harris, N. and S. Uist, Benbecula, Barra, and numerous smaller islands in Ross and Inverness; and the Inner Hebrides-Skye, Rum, Eig, Canna, Coll, Tiree, Mull, Iona, Colonsay, Jura, Arran, Bute, &c. The surface consists of mountains, morasses, lakes, and a large quantity of unproductive soil. The climate is moist in the Outer Hebrides. 8. Give a full description of some English county. Describe its physical features, chief towns, products, &c. Cumberland, the most N.-W. county of England, having N. Solway Firth and the Esk and the Liddle rivers separating it from Scotland, W. the Irish Sea, and on the other side the counties of Lancaster, Westmoreland, Durham and Northumberland. The surface is mountainous. Sea Fell rises to 3,229 feet above the sea, and the Black Comb, in the parish of Whitbrack, is a station of the Ordnance Survey. Principal rivers are the Eden, Esk and Derwent. In this county are the lakes Derwentwater, Bassenthwaite, Borrowdale, Buttermere and Ulleswater on the borders of Westmoreland. The county is traversed by the Lancaster and the Whitehaven and Carlisle railways. Wheat, oats and turnips are the principal crops. In the S. is a large extent of grazing land, and butter forms a principal export. Near Whitehaven and Newington are extensive beds of coal, and in Borrowdale is a mine of plumbago or graphite. Other mineral products are lead, iron ore, and various metals, slate, marl and gypsum. There are iron forges at Carlisle, Dalston and Seaton; and the county has manufacturers of woollens, cottons, linens, earthenwares and glass. The principal towns are Carlisle, Whitehaven and Keswich. 9. Trace the source of one of the following rivers from source to mouth :-Danube, Garonne, Shannon, Po. See previous Nos. of this Magazine for the course of all these rivers. 10. Describe accurately the situation of the following places and state for what they are respectively famous:-Culloden, Otterbourne, Bayeux, Ardres, Arran, Flodden, Ryswick, Hexham, Wantage, Fréjus, Youghal, Monserrat, Tintern Abbey, Isle of Axholme. Culloden, N. E. of Inverness. Prince Charles defeated here in 1746. Otterbourne, in Hampshire, near Winchester. Battle fought here between the Douglases and the Percies, 1388. Bayeux, in Normandy, dep. Calvados. In the cathedral is preserved the tapestry said to be the work of Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror. Ardres, in Pas-de-Calais, France. Near this was held, in 1520, the interview of the Field of the Cloth of Gold." Arran, an island of Buteshire, in the Frith of Clyde. Geological and betanical features, and Druidical and Danish remains. Flodden, in Northumberland, north of Wooler. Battle fought here in 1513, between the English and Scots; James IV. slain. Ryswick, in the Netherlands, province South Holland. Peace concluded here here in 1667, between France on the one part, and Germany and England, Spain and Holland on the other. Hexham, in Northumberland. Here the Yorkists defeated the Lancastrians in 1464. The cave in which the robber concealed Margaret is still shown. Wantage, in Berkshire, where, in 849, Alfred the Great was born. Fréjus, in Var, France. At St. Raphæl, a vill one and a-half miles distant, Napoleon I. disembarked on his return from Egypt, in 1797, and re-embarked for Elba in 1814. Youghal, a scaport town in Cork, at the mouth of the Blackwater. Here, it is believed, Sir Walter Raleigh (whose house is preserved nearly entire) first introduced the culture of the potato in Ireland. Monserrat, a lofty mountain in the centre of Catalonia, remarkable for its hermitages and convent of Benedictines. Tintern Abbey, eight miles above Chepstow, in Monmouthshire. Picturesque ruins of an abbey. Isle of Axholme, north-west of Lincolnshire, formed by the rivers Trent, Don and Idler. V. Arithmetic. 1. Write down in figures the following numbers:-Thirty thousand seven hundred and thirteen, four billions seven hundred and four, eight thousand and eight, seventeen millions six hundred and six thousand and six, three hundred and two billions four hundred millions fifty-six thousand seven hundred and two. 30,713 4,000,000,000,704 8,008 17,606.006 302,000,400,056,702 2. Define multiplication. What are the various ways of proving the result? Multiplication is a short method of finding the sum of any given number repeated as often as there are units in another given number:-thus, when 3 is multiplied by 4, the number produced by the multiplication is the sum of 3 repeated 4 times, which sum is equal to 3+3 +3 +3 or 12. The truth in all results in multiplication may be proved by multiplying the multiplicand by the multiplier. Another proof is by casting out the nines, thus:-Divide the addition of the figures in the multiplicand by 9, and set down the remainder; do the same with the multiplier, and divide the product of the two remainders by 9; then divide the addition of the product of the multiplicand and multiplier by 9, and if the remainder be the same as the previous remainder, the product will invariably be correct, thus : 345672592 and 7 remainder 3. A friend having lent me £350 I paid £600 I owed, and had £34 left. How much had I before the loan? £350-34316... £600 - 316 £284 Ans. 4. What number multiplied by 784 will give the same product as 487×79184 ? 5. A workman gains 78. per day and spends 38. 9d. per day. What will he have saved at the end of the year, exclusive of 52 Sundays and 9 other holidays? 6. The expenses of a household amount in 9 months 17 days to £143: 108. How much must the expenses per day be reduced so that the expenditure for the year (360 days) may not exceed £165. 9 months 17 days £143:108.287 = 108. = 287 days ... 108.-98. 2d.: = 10d. Ans. £165 360= 98. 2d. 7. Two workmen do a job in 3 days, for which they are paid £2:68. The first works in such a way that he would do the job alone in 5 days. What portion of work did each do, and how much did each earn per day? = = being the portion of work the first man would do in 3 being the portion of work the second man would do in 3 days. 88. the first man earns per day. 14 of 21. 68.3} of 21. 68.31 8. Divide 7501. into three parts, so that the first may be of the second and of the third. 9. If 15 men or 40 boys do a piece of work in 12 days, how many days would 10 men and 20. boys take to do a piece of work 7 times as great? As one boy only = of a man ... 20 boys = 7 men + 10 = 17} men. 12 days 7 10. At what time between 3 and 4 o'clock is the minute hand of a watch 30 minutes before the hour hand? VI. Elementary Knowledge of Latin. 1. How many declensions are there in Latin, and how are they distinguished? Decline the following nouns: specus, genu, nix, clavis, hiemz. There are five declensions in Latin, and they are distinguished by the termination of the genitive case singular. |