Nimeguen, in the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the left bank of the Waal. Wantage, in Berkshire. Morbihan, a department in the province of Bretagne, France. Breda, in the Netherlands, in the province of Brabant, on the Merk. Cintra, in the province of Estremadura, Portugal. 1. Write down in figures the following:-Seven millions eight hundred and seventy thousand and seventeen; Four billions and four; Three millions seven hundred and seven; Eighteen hundred millions two hundred and one; Five hundred and three thousand and twenty-one. Explain the principles on which you have proceeded. 2. Supposing unity to be represented by 33, find the value of forty millions five thousand and six. 3. The product of two numbers is 36,865,365, one of them is 365. Find the other. V. Arithmetic. 7,870,017 4,000,000,000,004 3,000,707 1,800,000,201 503,021 The principle on which we proceed is,-all the units are carried to the right, and the second figures are placed immediately to the left, as they represent ten times the value of what they would be if placed in the unit column, then the succeeding figures are placed one after another to the left, the position of each representing ten times the value of what it would be if placed in the preceding column. 4. There are three quantities (1) £5, (2) 88., (3) 75 gallons. Multiply one of these by the quotient of the other two. State accurately the result of the operations, and perform it in as many ways as possible. 5. Explain fully the rule for subtraction. Like concrete numbers only can be divided by one another. 6. Show that the same result is obtained, whether you divide a given number by 225, or multiply it by 4, and then divide the product by 900. Take 75617 ÷ 225 as an example. 7. A man aged 63 years, 5 months, 7 days, was born in 1790. How many seconds has he lived? From 794,327 451,513 Example. In order to subtract one whole number from another, we first place the number to be subtracted under the other, with their units-figures in the same line; we then take the units-figure, 4, of the lower number from that of the other, 7, thus 4 from 7, 3, i. e., 3 units, and we place the 3 under the units-figures, to be the units-figure of the result; then we proceed to the tens-figures, and say, 1 from 2, 1, i. e., 1 ten, and we set down 1 under the tens-figures; then to the hundreds-figures, and say 8 from 3... I cannot, but if we take or borrow 1 out of the 4 thousands (leaving 3 thousands), and treat it as 1 ten of hundreds, we shall now have 13 hundreds in the upper line; we can now say 8 from 13, 5, i. e., 5 hundreds, and then we set down 5 as the hundreds-figure of the result: and we have now to take 2 thousands from 3 thousands, or, which is just the same, but more convenient in practice, instead of supposing the upper figure, 4, diminished when we borrow 1, we may suppose the lower corresponding figure, 2, increased, i. e., we may carry one to it, and say 3 from 4, 1, i. e., 1 thousand, and so on. 1. State the general rules for determining gender in Latin. 2. Give the genitive plural of the following nouns : pons, os, domus, specus, mare, mas, munus, carcer, senex, arx. VI. Elementary Knowledge of Latin. (i) The gender of a Latin noun is shown by meaning or by form. (ii) Males, months, winds and people, are always masculine, and most names of mountains and rivers. (iii) Females and islands are feminine, and most names of countries, cities and trees. (iv) Nouns indeclinable are neuter: as fas, nefas, and the verb noun infinitive. (v) The following are amongst those common to either sex: artifex, vates, custos, index, dux, auctor, exul, conjux. 4. Explain the meaning of defective, frequentative, desiderative and inceptive verbs respectively. Give examples of each class. 5. Give six examples of verbs which have an active form and a passive signification. 6. Specify the various uses and meanings of the ablative case. Why is it so called? 7. In how many different ways may the purpose after verbs of motion be expressed? Illustrate your answer by putting into Latin the following phrase: "The soldiers came to buy food." cucurri (1) Verbs that have only some particular tenses and persons are called Defective: as-aio (I say), ave (hail), ausim (I may inquam (say I), &c. &c. dare), cedo (give me), cepi (I begin), faxo (I will or may do it), (2) Frequentative verbs indicate the repetition of the action expressed in their primitives: as-canto (from cano), voluto (from volvo), agito (from ago), rogito (from rogo), lectito (from lego), &c. &c. (3) Desiderative verbs indicate a desire to do something expressed in their primitives:-esurio, to be hungry (from edo); parturio, to be in labour (from pario); &c. &c. (4) Inceptive verbs express beginning of action: as-labasco, I begin to totter (from labo); pallesco, I turn pale (from palleo). Exulo, I am banished. Fio, I am made. Liceo, I am put to auction. Vapulo, I am beaten. Veneo, I am on sale. The above five verbs exhaust the list. The ablative expresses (1) Cause, instrument or manner. (3) Quality. (4) Respect. (5) Value or price. (6) Measure. (7) Matter. (8) Time (when). Place (along which). (9) Place (at, where). Place (from which). (10) Separation and origin. (11) Thing compared. The name ablative or taking-away case is given, because in many of its uses, especially with prepositions, it signifies separation. |