we could easily point out many words that have been introduced from Germany and Holland, although comparatively few in their complete state from the classical languages. We shall not attempt within the limits of a chapter to discuss the various languages before they came to our shores; but it may be interesting to know that the two great families are the Semitic and the Indo-European, and that the original language is derived from the Teutonic, a branch of the latter. Of all languages German is the most closely connected with our own, and as the Anglo-Saxon is based chiefly on the tongue composed of the various dialects of the tribes who invaded England at an early date, we shall proceed to notice this fact. Until recently the details of the different Germanic invasions of England, both in respect to the particular tribes by which they were made and the order in which they succeeded one another, were received with but little doubt.

The tribes who are supposed to have made these invasions were chiefly those of the Jutes, Angles and Saxons. We find that they settled in this country at different periods between the years 449 A.D. and 547 A.D. There is much doubt as to the precise dates of these invasions, but we accept them in the absence of reliable information. The first settlement of Germanic invaders in this country was, as we have remarked, in 449 A.D. They are supposed to have landed at Ebbsfleet, in the Isle of Thanet. Their leaders were Hengist and Horsa, who established the kingdom of Kent; hence the county of Kent was the first place where the foundation of the present English superseded the British language. The second settlement of Germanic invaders was in 477 A.D. in Essex. Their leader was Ella, who founded the kingdom of the South Saxons (Sussex). The third settlement of invaders from North Germany was in 495 A.D. Their leader was Cerdic. They landed at Hampshire and established the kingdom of the West Saxons (Wessex). The fourth settlement was in 530 A.D., when certain Saxons landed in Essex. The fifth settlement is supposed to have been in about the year 540 A.D. They were Angles in Norfolk and Suffolk. The sixth settlement was in 647 A.D., when invaders from Northern Germany settled in the south-eastern counties of Scotland, between the rivers Tweed and Forth. Their leader was Ida. It must be remembered that these details are traditional, not historical; indeed, some writers are inclined to think that if we substitute the middle of the fourth century instead of the middle of the fifth century as the epoch of the Germanic immigrations into Britain we shall probably not be far from the truth. Now, as each tribe invaded England it assisted in superseding the British language, and when the Angles and Saxons had united into one people, the different dialects then spoken became one tongue, and Anglo-Saxon became its appropriate name. For about three hundred years before the introduction of any other elements into Anglo-Saxon, it was rich in literature, and even at the present time (as Lord Stanley has remarked), "it is the plain Saxon phrase, far more than any term borrowed from Greek or Roman literature, that whether in speech or in writing goes straightest and strongest to men's heads and hearts."

We do not think it is necessary to note the introduction of NormanFrench or Latin, for we believe that it will be far more interesting to notice the composition of classical words. Since the Examiners are beginning to ask questions as to the introduction of various languages into our own, we would advise students to make themselves acquainted with this branch of

the "English Language." We are sure that they will excuse us going more fully into these matters here; but we hope by our remarks to create an appreciation in students' minds, and if we know that we have succeeded in a few instances, how much more rejoiced shall we be if we can make disciples of all our student readers. We know that the Examiners frequently require candidates to give examples of words derived from various languages. We should advise students, by the way, to see to this. There is at the present time a great tendency to introduce words of classical origin, and in many cases they supersede the old Saxon words: for instance, we now employ the word parliament in the place of witenagemot; geometry in the place of eorth-gemet (earth-measuring); hydrophobia in the place of water-fyrthnys (water-fright). It will also be interesting to the student to notice that many familiar words are derived from some of the most ancient languages; for instance, from Arabic we get "admiral," "alchemist," "alchemy," "algebra," "assassin," &c.; from Persian, "turban," "caravan," &c.; Turkish, "coffee," "divan," "janisary," "scimitar,” &c.; from Hindoo languages, "calico," "chintz," "cowrie," curry,' muslin," "toddy," &c.; from the Chinese, "tea," congou," "hyson," "sorg," "nankin," &c.; from Malay, "bantam" (fowl), "gamboge," "sago," "shaddock," &c.; Polynesian, "taboo," "tattoo;" Tungusian, or some similar Siberian languages, "mammoth;" North American Indian, "squaw," "wigwam;" Peruvian, "charkis" (prepared meat), whence we get jerked beef. We are not certain that these words have been derived immediately from their original languages, as they might have been borrowed into the English from the French, the French from the Latin, the Latin from the Greek, and so on. Some words may have been introduced two or three times at different periods, and they will be seen to vary both in the spelling and the meaning of the word: examples of spelling, "sherbet," "shrub ;" different meaning, "minster," and "monastery," &c.

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We propose to enter more fully into the Latin elements in the English language in our next number. It may, however, be interesting to notice the following words which come to us through the French:-Balance is bi (two), lanx, a scale; chamberlain is from camera-French, chambre; costume, "custom," is from consuetudo-French, coutume; couch is from collocare-French, coucher; damage is from damnum-French, dommage; friar is from frater-French, frère; gaol, "jail," is from cavea (a cage), gabia, gabiola, Medieval Latin-French, geôle, gaol; invoice, envoy, voyage, are from via; lieutenant is from locus and teneo-French, lieu; mushroom is from museus (moss), mousseron, or from mousser, to puff; raisin is from racemus, a grape; parapet is from para and pectus, a breastwork; tissue is from texo, to weave; toilette is from telo, a thread-hence toile, linen.

We shall not delay, while it occurs to us, to remind students that they ought to pay attention to such questions as the following:-Give adjectives of Latin derivation answering to spring, hand, cat, seaside, sun, whale, ring, eye, &c.

[In our next number we shall call attention to the Anglo-Saxon, Latin and Greek prefixes and affixes, the latter denoting the agent, abstract ideas, such as state, condition, &c., &c.]

CHAPTER III.

SYNOPSIS OF LEADING AUTHORS, STATESMEN, POETS AND PHILOSOPHERS. [ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.]

Tudor Period.

EDMUND DUDLEY: born in 1462 A.D.; a lawyer; accompanied Henry VII. to France, and on his return he applied himself, in conjunction with Empson, to extorting money by the revival of obsolete statutes and other unjust measures. In 1504, he was speaker of the House of Commons; executed, with Empson, in 1510 a.d.

SIR RICHARD EMPSON: a celebrated lawyer; colleague of the extortioner Dudley, with whom he was executed August 18th, 1510

A.D.

HUGH LATIMER: bishop of Worcester; one of the first Reformers of the Church of England; was born at Thurcaston, in Leicestershire, in 1470. He was appointed by Henry VIII. to the living of West Kinton, in Wiltshire, and in 1535 Bishop of Worcester; burned, with Ridley, in 1555 A.D.

SIR THOMAS WOLSEY: was born at Ipswich in 1471; celebrated Cardinal, Archbishop of York, and Minister of State under Henry VIII. In the reign of Henry VII. he was appointed Dean of Lincoln. Henry VIII. gave him the living of Torrington, in Devon, and afterwards appointed him Register of the Garter and Canon of Windsor. He next obtained the Deanery of York, and was afterwards made Bishop of Tournay. In 1515 he was advanced to the Archbishopric of York. He founded several lectures at Oxford, where he also erected Christ Church. He was persecuted under the Statute of Præmunire, and deprived of everything. Died 1530 A.D. at Leicester, when on his way to London.

GAWIN DOUGLAS: a Scotch divine and poet of eminence; born at Brechin in 1474 A.D.; was appointed Abbot of Aberbrothick and Bishop of Dunkeld. He wrote "The Palace of Honour," and other works. His chief performance is a translation of Virgil's Æneid, noteworthy as the first translation of a Roman classic into English; died 1522 A.D.

SIR THOMAS MORE: born 1480 A.D.; was Chancellor of England. He was educated at Christ Church, then Canterbury College, Oxford, and in 1499 became a student of Lincoln's Inn; he entered parliament at the age of twenty-one. In 1523 he published his "Utopia," a political romance; in 1523 he was appointed Speaker of the House of Commons, and in 1530 succeeded Wolsey as Lord Chancellor ; beheaded July 6th, 1535 A.D.

WILLIAM DUNBAR: born 1485 A.D.; early Scottish poet.

He was

destined for the Church, but failed to get a benefice. James IV. (of Scotland) gave him a pension. His principal poem is "The Thistle and the Rose;" also wrote "The Golden Serge," "The Dance of the Deadly Sins in Hell." His writings have for the first

time been collected in the present century, after having been neglected for three hundred years; died 1530 A.D.

MILES COVERDALE: Bishop of Exeter; reformer and translator of the Bible; was born in 1487 A.D. He aided Tyndale in his translation of the Bible, and, by permission of Henry VIII., published his own translation in 1535; it was the first printed English Bible; died 1568 A.D.

THOMAS CRANMER: was born at Aslacton, in Nottinghamshire, in 1489 A.D. The favorable opinion which he gave Henry VIII. with reference to the divorce of his wife, Catherine of Arragon, recommended him to that monarch. He was Archbishop of Canterbury, and by his endeavours the Bible was translated and read in churches; appointed one of the Council of Regency to Edward VI. Burned March 21st, 1556 A.D.

THOMAS CROMWELL (EARL OF ESSEX): born, near London, about 1490 A.D. He was a Privy Councillor, Principal Secretary of State (1536), Vicar General and Vicegerent. In 1539 he was created Earl of Essex. In 1540 he was imprisoned and attainted on charges of treason, heresy and extortion, and, not being allowed to make any defence, was executed on Tower Hill, July 28th, 1540 A.D.

EDMUND BONNER: Bishop of London; was born in Worcester 1495 A.D. In the reign of Edward VI. he became the opponent of Cranmer and the Reformation, and was imprisoned; restored by Queen Mary, and distinguished himself for his persecution and burning of the Protestants; died 1569 A.D.

EDWARD SEYMOUR (EARL OF HERTFORD), maternal uncle to Edward VI., being brother of Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII. He devoted himself to the military profession; but on the accession of his nephew he was appointed Protector of the Realm of England. In 1548 he obtained the post of Lord Treasurer, was created Duke of Somerset and made Earl Marshal; beheaded on Tower Hill 1552 a.d.

NICHOLAS RIDLEY: an eminent English prelate and Protestant Martyr; was born in 1500 A.D., at Tynedale, in Northumberland; public orator at Cambridge, then became one of the king's chaplains, Bishop of Rochester and afterwards raised to the See of London; employed in the compiling of the liturgy and the producing of the articles of religion. He was burned, with Latimer, at Oxford in

1555 A.D.

JOHN DUDLEY (DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND): son of Edmund Dudley; born 1502 A.D. He was created Viscount Lisle and then Earl of Northumberland. He arranged a marriage between his son Lord Guildford Dudley and Lady Jane Grey, and afterwards prevailed on the young King Edward VI. to alter the succession to the throne in favor of Lady Jane Grey; executed as a traitor 1553 A.D.

SIR THOMAS WYATT: was born at Allington, in Kent, 1503 A.D.; was a distinguished courtier, statesman and poet; became a favorite

of Henry VIII. His poetical works consist of odes, love elegies, &c., which possess a considerable degree of elegance; died in 1541 A.D. JOHN KNOX: was born at Gifford, in East Lothian, in 1505 A.D. In 1535 he began to favor the Reformation, and in 1542 declared himself a Protestant. In 1542 he was appointed chaplain to Edward VI. In 1558 he published his treatise entitled the "First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women." After his death appeared his "History of the Reformation of Religion within the Realm of Scotland," &c. He died November 24th, 1572 a. d., and was buried at Edinburgh.

ROGER ASCHAM: born in 1515 A. D., near North Allerton, in Yorkshire. He directed the studies of Queen Elizabeth, and afterwards became her Latin secretary. His most valuable work is his treatise entitled "The Schoolmaster;" also wrote a treatise on Archery, entitled "Toxophilus;" died 1568 a.d.

THOMAS HOWARD (EARL OF SURREY): born in 1516 A.D.; one of the best English poets of his age; wrote the earliest English blank verse in some translations from Virgil; he also performed various military exploits; suffered decapitation on Tower Hill, January 21st, 1547 a.d. WILLIAM CECIL (LORD BURLEIGH): born in Lincolnshire in 1520 A.D. He was secretary of state and lord high treasurer in the reign of Elizabeth; studied for the law; died 1598 a.d.

SIR FRANCIS WALSINGHAM: was an eminent statesman in the reign of Elizabeth; born at Chislehurst in Kent in 1536 A.D. In 1573 he was appointed one of the secretaries of state and knighted. In 1586 he sat as one of the commissioners on the trial of Queen Mary; died in 1590 A.D.

SIR WALTER RALEIGH: was a distinguished statesman, scholar and soldier in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.; born at Budleigh in Devonshire in 1552 A.D. For twelve years he was detained a prisoner in the Tower, during which time he wrote a "History of the World;" executed October 29th, 1618.

EDMUND SPENSER: born in 1553 A.D.; a great English poet. In 1579 he published his first poem, "The Shepherd's Calendar." He also wrote the "Faerie Queen," an allegorical poem written in a stanza of nine lines, called the "Spenserian." In 1591 he published his pastoral of" Colin Clout's come Home again ;" died 1598 A.D. SIR PHILIP SIDNEY: born in 1554 A.D.; one of the most accomplished writers and statesmen of the age. He was the author of "A Defence of Poesy," sonnets and poems, and the celebrated prose romance of "Arcadia." He was killed at the battle of Zutphen in 1586 A.D. RICHARD HOOKER: a native of Devonshire; was born in 1554 A.D. After holding some minor preferments he was appointed master of the Temple in 1585. He wrote "The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity;" died at Bishopsbourne in 1600 a.d.

FRANCIS BACON: was born in London in 1561 a.d. The greatest English philosopher. The office of lord keeper was given him in