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10. A. and B. run a 100 yards race, and A. wins by 2 yards, C. and D. run over the same course and C. wins by 6 yards, B. and D. also run over it and B. wins by 4 yards. If A. and C. run, which will win, and by how much.

If, when A. and B. run, A. wins by two yards; when B. and D. run, B. wins by four yards, and when C. and D. run, C. wins by six yards; therefore

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C.'s speed as compared with A.'s; and to find by how much C. would win

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VI. Elementary Knowledge of Latin.

2. How are degrees of comparison formed in Latin? Give examples.

There are five declensions in Latin.

The declensions of nouns substantive are distinguished by the endings of the genitive case singular; which in the first declension ends in æ, in the second in i, in the third in is, in the fourth in us, and in the fifth in ei.

In the singular the accusative case always ends in m in masc. and fem. nouns, viz.:-1st declension am, 2nd um, 3rd em or im, 4th um, 5th em. In neuter nouns it is always like the nominative both in singular and plural. In the plural the genitive always ends in um, viz., in 1st declension arum, 2nd orum, 3rd um or ium, 4th um, 5th erum. The accusative of masc. and fem. nouns always end in s, viz., in 1st declension as, 2nd os, 3rd es or is, 4th us, 5th es. The dative and ablative are always alike, and in 1st and 2nd declensions they end in is, 3rd, 4th, 5th, in bus, viz., 3rd in ibus, 4th in ibus or ubus, 5th ebus.

Genitive plural of nouns:- Hæredum, juvenum, cotum, capitum, pecudum f., pecorum n., cornuum, manuum, sperum.

The comparative degree of an adjective in Latin is formed from the first case of the positive that ends in i by adding the syllable or in the masculine and feminine gender, and us in the neuter.

The superlative degree is formed also from the first case of the positive that ends in i by adding thereto the termination ssimus; as

Gen. docti, comp. doctior, sup. doctissimus.
durior durissimus.

duri

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Adjectives ending in er form the superlative degree from the nominative case singular by adding rimus; as

Pos.

Comp.

Sup.

pulcher pulchrior pulcherrimus

A few adjectives ending in lis take limus in the superlative,

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4. What are deponent verbs? Give examples.

5. What prepositions govern the accusative or ablative.

Supine.

sessum

nexum

mistum
notum

sartum

J sătum
sertum

partum

messum

emptum

A deponent verb is inflected like a passive, but has an active supine and participle, as loquor, I am speaking; locutus sum, I have spoken; loquens, speaking; locuturus, about to speak; locutus, having spoken; loqui and locutum, to speak; locutum esse, to have spoken; locuturum esse, to be about to speak.

Examples of deponent verbs of the four conjugations: 1st, Abominor, argumentor, causor. 2nd. Liceor, misereor, vereor. 3rd. Absentior, opperior, sortior. 4th. Expergiscor, fungor, morior.

In, sub, super, subter, clam.

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quartus, fourth

Distributives. singuli, one at a time bini, two at a time terni or trini, three at a time

quaterni, four at a time.

Verbs governing the dative: suadere, credere, impĕrare, placere, displicere, invidere, succurrere, nocere, indulgere, favere, nubēre, parēre, repugnare, ignoscere, &c., &c. These words take a dative: propior, similis, par, proprius, amicus, inimicus, affinis, superstes, &c.

Verbs signifying advantage or disadvantage, adjectives signifying advantage or disadvantage, likeness or unlikeness, and some impersonal verbs, govern the dative.

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Qui takes the subjunctive when it introduces the ground of the assertion in the antecedent clauses.

Qui takes the subjunctive when it has the force of ut, with a personal or possessive pronoun.

Qui after quippe, utpote, generally takes the subjunctive. Qui governs the subjunctive when we may substitute for it "although," since," "because," "seeing that," &c., with a

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personal pronoun.

Qui also takes the subjunctive after unus and solus, signifying" alone," "only."

Qui takes the subjunctive after sum, with such phrases as "sunt qui," "erant qui," &c.; and after negative and interrogative sentences, as "nemo nihil, &c. est; quis est? an quisquam est? quotusquisque est? &c., and after est quod, nihil est quod, non est quod, also after absunt qui, non desunt qui, &c., and similar phrases, with reperio, invenio, to find.

We use the genitive of place, if the town at which a thing is done, is a singular noun of the first or second declension. The noun that expresses the time in answer to the questions, how long before? how long after? is put in the ablative. The ablative of time is also used in answer to the question when?

Affirmative answers are etiam, ita, vero, sane, ita vero, ita est, sane quidem; or with the proper pronoun, as ego vero; or the verb is repeated, as Sentio.

Negative answers are non, minime, minime vero; or with the pronoun, as Minime nos quidem; or with the verb, as Non sentio. When the contrary, &c. is asserted by way of reply, we have Imo, imo vero, No, on the other hand; nay, rather.

(a) To whom is it for a good?

(b) There is a limit in things.

(c) To spare the conquered and humble the proud.

(d) So is the way to the stars; i. e., so it is gone to the stars. (e) They are able because they seem to be able.

(f) It is the height of virtue to avoid vice, and of wisdom to avoid folly.

1. Give the genders of eau, pays, beurre, histoire, mérite, herbe, énergie, mémoire.

2. Give the masculine gender of absoute, bénigne, jalouse, fausse, favorite, rousse.

3. Give the different terminations of the past participle.

4. What difference is there in the employment of "avant" and "devant," "vers" and "envers ?" Give an example of each.

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The various terminations of the past participle are chanté, uni, aperçu, mis, écrit, &c.

Avant generally relates to time, and devant to place. Avant is also employed to express a priority of position.

Examples:

Avant que vous eussiez diné. Je suis avant vous.
Regardez devant vous. Se place devant quelqu'un.

Vers, towards, is used with reference to nouns which indicate place or time as Vers la porte. Vers le quatorzième siècleTowards the fourteenth century.

Envers means with regard to, and is used after words implying behaviour: as, Charitable envers les pauvres-Charity towards the poor. Ingrat envers son bienfaiteur-Ungrateful to his benefactor.

Ils tinrent, ils craignirent, ils parurent, ils éteindirent, ils crûrent, ils mirent.

(1) Nous venons de déjeûner.

(2) Vous auriez dû être ici plus tôt or de meilleure heure.
(3) Ils vont or on va patiner cette après-midi.
(4) Je dois d'abord achever ce thème.

noon. (4) I am to

finish this exer

cise first.

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