what were the results.

same year three ships laden with tea having entered the port of Boston were boarded by some twenty persons disguised as Mohawk Indians, who emptied the tea chests into the sea. When the affair of the tea ships was brought before the parliament (1774), a bill was passed to close the port of Boston, and another which provided that henceforth the council of Massachusetts should be appointed by the crown and not elected by the people. The Americans then resolved to cut off all commercial intercourse with England till the statutes in question were repealed. They also drew up a declaration of rights, claiming for themselves the liberties of Englishmen. The independence of the Thirteen United States was afterwards acknowledged by treaty, and they became a Republic, governed by an elected President.

IV. Geography of Europe and of the British Isles.

The word "Geography" is derived from two Greek words (yn, the earth, and ypapo, I write) and means a description of the earth.

Geography is usually ranged under three heads:

Physical Geography treats of the earth's surface and its natural productions.

Political Geography treats of the features brought about by man, that is to say, the division of the world into countries, kingdoms, states and cities, and degree of civilization, governments, commerce, &c.

Mathematical Geography treats of the earth as a whole and its size and shape, and the extent of its divisions.

Latitude is distance of any place north or south of the equator.

Longitude is distance of any place east or west from a given meridian.

Tropics, a name given to two parallels of latitude, one (the tropic of Cancer) being 23° 28′ north of the equator, and the other (the tropic of Capricorn) being 23° 28′ south of the equator. They mark the point at which the sun turns again towards the equator from its utmost declination to the north or south.

Equator is a great circle of the sphere, equally distant from the two poles of the world.

Promontory is a point of land projecting into the sea beyond the line of coast.

Isthmus is a narrow neck of land uniting two bodies of land: as the Isthmus of Darien uniting North and South America. Watershed is elevated land which divides one basin from another.

Frith, the opening of a river into the sea: as the Frith of Clyde.

Estuary (similar to a Frith), a narrow passage or the mouth of a river where the tide meets the current.

Gulf of Lyons, south of France; Gulf of Venice, between Italy and Turkey; Gulf of Genoa, north-west of Italy; Bay of Naples, in the west of Italy; Gulf of Taranto, in the south of Italy; Bay of Biscay, between France and Spain; Gulf of

Bothnia, northern part of the Baltic sea; Gulf of Finland, north-east of the Baltic sea; Gulf of Riga, south of the Gulf of Finland; Gulf of Corinth, in the west of Turkey; Gulf of Saloniki, south of Turkey; Cattegat, between Denmark and Sweden.

Dovrefield, between Norway and Sweden; the Ouralian mountains form part of the boundary between Europe and Asia; Pyrenees. between France and Spain; Balkan and Pindus mountains, in Turkey; Alps, divide France and Switzerland from Italy; Apennines, centre of Italy; Carpathian, in the north of Hungary; the Penine, Cumbrian, Cambrian and Devonian mountains in England; Northern Highlands, Grampian and Lowther ranges in Scotland; Caucasus mountains, between the Black and Caspian seas; Cerennes, Auvergne, Jura and Vosges, in France.

Silk-Manchester, Macclesfield and Coventry.
Lace-Nottingham and Coventry.

Coal-Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, York, Derby,
Nottingham, S. Lancashire, N. and S. Staffordshire, Warwick-
shire, Shropshire, Gloucestershire, Flint, Monmouth, Glamorgan,
Caermarthen and Pembroke.

Lead-Northumberland, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Denbighshire and Flintshire.

Zinc-Derbyshire, Cornwall and Devon.
Copper-Cornwall and Devon.

On the East Coast of England:-Tyne, Wear, Tees, Humber, Witham, Welland, Nen, Great Ouse, Yare, Orwell, Stour (Essex); Colne, Blackwater, Thames, Stour (Kent).

On the East Coast of Scotland: -Tweed, Teviot, Ettrick, Leader, Adder, Forth, Teith, Allan, Tyne, Esk, Devon, Leven, Tay, Erne, Almond, Tummel, Gorry, Isla, North Esk, South Esk, Dee, Don, Deveron, Spey, Findhorn, Nairn, Ness.

On the West Coast of Ireland :-Shannon, Inny, Brusna, Maigve, Suck, Fergus, Erne.

The Isle of Thanet is situated at the north-east extremity of the coast of Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, separated from

Thanet and Axholme ?

9. What are the boundaries which separate France from Switzerland? Name the cantons into which Switzerland is divided

the mainland on the south by the Stour and its branch the Nethergong, both formerly navigable for ships of large burden, Isle of Axholme is situated on the north-west coast of Lincoln, formed by the rivers Trent, Don and Idle.

Mount Jura, the Cevennes mountains, the Alps and the river Doubs. Switzerland is divided into twenty-two cantons:

Zürich,
Aargau,

Schaffhausen,

Thurgau,

Basle,

Berne,

and the rivers by

Soleure,

Lucerne,

which it is wa

Zug,

tered.

Saint Gall,

Schweitz,

Switzerland is watered by the Rhone, Rhine, Reuss, Aar, Limmat, Ticino, Inn, &c.

San Marino, a town and republic of Italy, forming one of the smallest and most ancient states in Europe, enclosed on all sides by the kingdom of Italy. The state consists of a craggy mountain 2,635 feet in height, on which is the town; and some territories, with four or five villages.

Andorre (or Andorra), a small ancient town, capital of republic of Andorra, at the foot of Mont Montelar, twelve miles north of Urgel. Its population is 2,900.

Caprera, an island of the Mediterranean, off the N. E. coast of Sardinia. Length, north to south, five miles. The home of Garibaldi.

La Hogue, a cape in the north-west of Normandy, department of Manche, remarkable for a naval victory of the English over the French, 1692.

Wagram, a village of Lower Austria, on the left bank of the Rossbach, eleven miles north-east of Vienna. It is famous for the victory of Napoleon I. over the Austrians, 6th July, 1809, which was followed by the treaty of Schönbrunn.

Nismes (or Nimes), the ancient Nemansus, a city in Languedoc, capital of the department of Gard, on the railway from Beaucaire to Cette. It has a gothic cathedral, fifteen other churches and an old citadel. Its Roman remains comprise an amphitheatre, a Corinthian temple, called the Maison Carée, which is restored and serves for a museum of antiquities.

Bayeux, a town in Normandy, department of Calvados, with

Tilsit, Trafalgar, Runnymede, Bannockburn, Ryswick.

a fine cathedral. In it is preserved the Bayeux tapestry, said to be the work of Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror.

Wantage, a village in Berkshire, where, in 849 A.D., Alfred the Great was born.

Naseby, a village in Northampton. The troops of Charles I. were totally defeated here by the parliamentary army in June,

1645 A.D.

Agincourt, a village of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, where the English, under Henry V., totally defeated superior French force, 25th October, 1415 A.D.

Fontenoy, a village in Hainault, in Belgium, five miles southeast of Tournay, where the allied armies of Britain, Austria and Holland were defeated by the French under Marshal Saxe, 1745.

Talavera, a city of Spain, in the province of Toledo, on the right bank of the Tagus, here crossed by a bridge of thirty-five arches. On the 27th and 28th July, 1809, the English and Spanish troops, under the Duke of Wellington, defeated the French under Joseph Bonaparte and Marshals Jourdain and Victor.

Sedan, a commune and fortified town of France, department Ardennes, on the Meuse. The citadel, on the south-east extremity of the town, contains a large arsenal. Sedan was for a long time an independent principality, and was united to France under Louis XIII. A monument is erected to Marshal Turenne, who was born here in 1611. It has lately become more noted on account of the extraordinary capitulation of the French troops, under Marshal Bazaine, during the war between France and Prussia, 1870.

Rastadt, a fortified town of Baden, fourteen miles south-west of Carlsruhe, near the right bank of the Rhine and on the railway to Basle. In 1714, a treaty of peace was concluded here between France and Austria; and in 1798-99 a conference was held here between the same two powers, at the conclusion of which two plenipotentiaries of France were assassinated.

Tilsit, a town of East Prussia. It has a gymnasium and manufactures of woollen, cloth, hosiery, arms, leather and hardware. A treaty between France, Russia and Prussia was signed here, 7th July, 1807.

Trafalgar, a headland off the south-west coast of Spain, province Cadiz. In the memorable engagement off Cape Trafalgar, 21st October, 1805, the English, under Lord Nelson, who was killed in the action, gained a complete victory over the combined French and Spanish fleets.

Runnymede, between Staines and Windsor, where the barons forced King John to sign Magna Charta, 15th June, 1215 A.D. Bannockburn, a town in Scotland, two and a-half miles from Sterling. Famous for the victory gained by the Scots under Bruce, over the English, commanded by Edward II., 1314 A.D. Ryswick, in the Netherlands, province south Holland. In the south-west, a pyramidal monument commemorates the peace concluded, in 1667, between France on the one part and Germany and England, Spain and Holland on the other.

In order to subtract one whole number from another, we first place the number to be subtracted under the other, with their units-figures in the same line; we then take the units-figure 4 of the lower number from that of the other, 7; thus, 4 from 7, 3, i.e. 3 units, and we place the 3 under the units-figures, to be the units-figure of the result: then we proceed to the tens-figures, and say, 1 from 2, 1, i.e. 1 ten, and we set down 1 under the tens-figures: then to the hundreds-figures, and say, 8 from 3, I cannot; but if we take or borrow 1 out of the four thousands (leaving 3 thousands), and treat it as 1 ten of hundreds, we shall now have 13 hundreds in the upper line; we can now say, 8 from 13, 5, i.e. 5 hundreds, and we set down 5 as the hundredsfigure of the result: and we have now to take 2 thousands from 3 thousands, or, which is just the same, but more convenient in practice, instead of supposing the upper figure, 4, diminished when we borrow 1, we may suppose the lower corresponding figure, 2, increased, i.e. we may carry one to it, and say, 3 from 4, 1, i.e. 1 thousand; and so on. (Vide Colenso.)

If an error occurs of 9 in casting them out, the result will still be the same, and the error is therefore not noticed.