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peerage in 1702. On the accession of George I. he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland; in 1715 lord privy seal, and two years later he became secretary of state and president of the council. In March, 1718, he was made first lord of the treasury. Died 1722 A.D.

SIR ROBERT WALPOLE (EARL OF OXFORD): prime minister of England; was born in 1676 A.D. at Houghton, his father's seat, in Norfolk. He entered parliament in 1701 as member for Castle Riding, but in the following year he was elected for Lynn. In 1708 he was appointed secretary of war; in 1709 treasurer of the navy; and in 1710 one of the managers of Dr. Sacheverell's trial. On the occurrence of the disasters arising from the failure of the South Sea Bubble, Lord Sunderland retired, and Walpole became prime minister. Died 1745 A.D.

GEORGE BERKELEY (BISHOP OF CLOYNE): an illustrious philosopher; was born in Ireland in 1684 a.d. He became chaplain of the Duke of Grafton and soon after dean of Derry. In philosophy he is an idealist. His most important works are "The Principles of Human Knowledge," "The Dialogues of Hylas and Philonous," "Minute Philosopher,' Analyst" and "Theory of Vision." His two works on the Properties of Tar-water, "Siris" and "Further Thoughts," have attracted much attention. Died at Oxford 1753 A.D.

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EDWARD YOUNG: a poet, author of "Night Thoughts;" was born at the village of Upham, in Hampshire in 1684 A.D. His poem "Night Thoughts" appeared between 1742-46. His other poems are The Last Day," "The Force of Religion," a series of clever but superficial satires, entitled "The Universal Passion;" three tragedies entitled 66 Busiris," ," "The Brothers," and "The Revenge." Died April 12th, 1765 a.d.

ALLAN RAMSAY: a Scottish poet; was born at Leadhills in 1685 A.D. He served his apprenticeship to a whig maker, and then became a bookseller at Edinburgh, where in 1721 he published a quarto volume of his poems, and in 1728 he published another. The principal piece in the last collection is the celebrated pastoral called "The Gentle Shepherd." Died 1758 A.D.

ALEXANDER POPE: the celebrated poet; was born in 1688 A.D. in Lombard Street, London. His father was a linendraper. At the age of twelve he wrote an "Ode on Solitude." On perusing Dryden's works he studied him as his model. At the age of sixteen he wrote his "Pastorals." He next wrote the " Essay on Criticism," published in 1711. The "Messiah" appeared first in the "Spectator," and this was followed by his "Ode on St. Cecilia's Day." About this time he produced the "Rape of the Lock," occasioned by Lord Petre's cutting off a ringlet of Mrs. Arabella Fermor's hair. He next brought out his " Epistle from Eloisa to Abelard,” "The Temple of Fame," "Windsor Forest," besides numerous other works. The reputation which he acquired procured him numerous enemies among writers, and in 1727 he vented his resentment in a

mock heroic, entitled "The Dunciad." In 1729 he published his Essay on Man," &c. Died May 30th, 1744 A.D.

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JOSEPH BUTLER (BISHOP OF DURHAM): was born at Wantage in 1692 A.D. In 1718 he became preacher at the Rolls. In 1724 he was appointed rector of Stanhope. In 1738 he was raised to the see of Bristol, soon after made dean of St. Paul's, and in 1750 was translated to Durham. His great work is the "Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature." Died at Bath 1752 A.D.

LORD GEORGE ANSON: a celebrated naval commander and minister; was born in the parish of Colwich, Staffordshire, 1697 A.D. After meeting with great success, in 1747 he commanded the Channel fleet and captured six French men-of-war. Two of these prizes were the "Invincible" and the "Glory." For these and other services he was created a peer and afterwards made Vice-Admiral of England. In 1751 he was appointed first lord of the Admiralty. Died June 6th, 1762 a.d.

JAMES THOMSON, the poet, was born at Ednam, in Roxburghshire, in 1700 A.D. Relinquishing his intention of entering the Church, he went to London, where, in 1726, he published his "Winter." In 1727 appeared his "Summer." This was followed by "Spring," and in 1730 by "Autumn." During this period he produced "Sophonisba," a tragedy, and a poem on Sir Isaac Newton. In 1738 he produced a second tragedy, entitled "Agamemnon," which was followed by "Edward and Eleanora," "Tancred and Sigismunda" and "Cariolanus;" the masque of "Alfred," &c. Died at Richmond in 1748 A.D.

HENRY FOX (first LORD HOLLAND): an eminent statesman; was born in 1705 A.D. After filling lower offices in the state, he was in 1746 appointed secretary at war, retired from this office in 1756, and in the following year was appointed paymaster of the forces. In 1763 he was created Baron Holland of Foxley, and died in 1774 A.D. EARL OF CHATHAM (WILLIAM PITT): one of the most illustrious British statesmen; was born at Boconnock, in Cornwall, in 1708 A.D. He entered the army, but was returned to parliament, in 1734, as member for Old Sarum. In 1766 he was invited to assist in forming a new ministry, in which he took the office of privy seal, and was created Viscount Burton, Baron Pynsent and Earl of Chatham. As he was speaking on the "American Question" in the House of Lords, April 7th, 1778, he fell down in a convulsive fit, and died on the 11th of the following month.

DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON: the celebrated lexicographer, and one of the most distinguished writers of the 18th century; was born at Lichfield in 1709 A.D. In 1732 he became under-master of a free school, which situation he soon quitted. In 1735 he opened a boarding school, but the plan did not succeed, and in the following year he came to London in company with one of his few pupils, the celebrated David Garrick. His first literary production was his "London," a poem in imitation of the third satire of Juvenal. He

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then published parliamentary debates under the fiction of "Debates in the Senate of Lilliput." He preserved the tenour of the arguments of the real speakers rather than their language. In 1747 he printed proposals for an edition of Shakespeare, and the plan of his English Dictionary," addressed to Lord Chesterfield. În 1750 he commenced his " Rambler," which was continued till 1752. His Dictionary appeared in 1755, and the same year the University of Oxford conferred on him the degree of M.A. In 1758 he began the "Idler," a periodical paper which was published in a weekly newspaper. In 1775 the University of Oxford sent him the degree of LL.D. by diploma. In 1770 he began his "Lives of the English Poets." Died December 19th, 1784 A.D.

DAVID HUME: the celebrated historian, philosopher and miscellaneous writer; was born at Edinburgh in 1711 A.D. For the sake of seclusion he went to France, where he wrote his "Treatise on Human Nature," published in London in 1738 A.D. His "Essays, Moral, Political and Literary," appeared in 1742 and 1752. In 1752 appeared at Edinburgh his "Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals." In 1754 he published the first volume of his " "History of England," which he did not complete till 1761; he also published "The Natural History of Religion." In 1767 he became under secretary of state. Died 1776 A.D.

GEORGE GRENVILLE: a statesman in the reign of George II.; was born in 1712 A.D. He entered parliament as member for Buckinghamshire, and was distinguished for his eloquence. He successively filled the situations of treasurer of the navy, first lord of the admiralty, and first lord of the treasury. In 1763 he became chancellor of the exchequer. Died 1770 A.D. JOHN STUART (EARL OF BUTE): an eminent statesman; was born in 1713 A.D. He was made secretary of state, and in May, 1762, first lord of the treasury. It was against the government of Lord Bute that Wilkes directed his violent attacks in the "North Briton" newspaper. Died 1792 A.D.

HORACE WALPOLE (EARL of Orford): youngest son of Sir Robert Walpole; was born in 1717 A.D. In 1741 Walpole entered parliament, successively representing Collington, Castle Rising and Lynn. He, however, took little interest in politics, as literature and the fine arts were the source of his delight. His principal works are "The Castle of Otranto," a novel, "Historical Doubts on the Life and Reign of Richard III.," &c. His reputation as a writer rests chiefly on his letters, in which he is admitted to be without a rival in our language. Died 2nd March, 1797 a.d.

HUGH BLAIR: an eminent divine; was born at Edinburgh in 1718 A.D.; author of a "Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian," "Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres," and "Sermons" in five volumes, which were greatly esteemed. Died 1800 A.D.

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GEORGE CAMPBELL: a Scottish divine, principal of Marischal College, Aberdeen; was born in 1719 A.D.; author of the Philosophy of Rhetoric," once a standard work; a "Dissertation on Miracles," in

reply to Hume; "Lectures on Ecclesiastical History," &c. Died 1796 A.D.

WILLIAM ROBERTSON: a celebrated historian; was born in 1721 a.d. at Borthwick, in Scotland. He published a "History of Scotland." He wrote also "History of Charles V.," which in 1777 was followed by the "History of America," and his last publication was "An Historical Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India." Died 1793 A.D.

TOBIAS SMOLLETT: novelist and miscellaneous writer; was born at Dalquhurn, in Dumbartonshire, in 1721 A.D. He was apprenticed to a surgeon. His first work, published in 1746, was a satire entitled "Advice." He was for a time editor of "The Critical Review;" wrote against Wilkes in "The Briton." His most celebrated novel is "Roderick Random," published in 1748; wrote also "Peregrine Pickle," &c. He was author of "A complete History of England," a translation of "Don Quixote," &c. Died in 1771 A.D. MARK AKENSIDE: poet and physician; was born at Newcastle-uponTyne in 1721 A.D. In the year 1744 appeared his principal poem "On the Pleasures of the Imagination." This was followed by the "Epistle to Curio," a satire; and, in 1745, he published ten odes on various subjects. He also wrote a number of medical works. Died 1770 A.D.

SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE: was born in 1723 A.D.; author of the well-known "Commentaries on the Laws of England," on which Mr. Serjeant Stephen founded his " Commentaries," a work of invaluable assistance, not only to the law student, but to the general reader. They were recently prepared for the press by James Stephen, of the Middle Temple, and are now published in four vols. 8vo. by Messrs. Butterworth. Blackstone was named first Vinerian professor at Oxford in 1758, and after gaining great distinction as a lecturer on law was made solicitor-general, and in 1770 was appointed a judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Died 1780 A.D. ADAM SMITH: the celebrated political economist; was born at Kirkaldy, in Scotland, in 1723 a.d. He was engaged ten years in the composition of his great work, the "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," which first appeared in 1776. Its main principle is that labour, not money nor land, is the real source of wealth. The book is regarded as the basis of modern political economy. He was also the author of a Theory of Moral Sentiments." Died, unmarried, 8th July, 1790 A.D.

(To be continued.)

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CHAPTER V.

THE QUESTIONS ASKED AT THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION HELD ON THE 25TH AND 26TH DAYS OF OCTOBER, 1871, WITH THE ANSWERS.

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Candidates were requested to write an essay, not less than two pages in length, on one of the following subjects:

(1.) The child is father to the man.

(2.) The summer vacation.

(3.) Si vis pacem, para bellum. (4.) On the study of History.

(5.) The books I have read.

(6.) The influence of climate or race. (7.) Fire.

NOTE. We deem it necessary to state that, as some of the questions are very general, it is impossible to give shorter answers without making them incomprehensive. See "Review of the October Examination," in Chapter VI.

1. Write down the words of AngloSaxon origin in the Lord's Prayer. Give the successive stages of our language from Anglo-Saxon to modern English.

II. English Language.

a. Our Father which art in heaven. Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses as we forgive them that trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation. But deliver us from evil. Amen.

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NOTE. The words in italics are the oldest of Saxon origin. Indeed, the whole of the prayer (except "trespasses" and of course trespass," "temptation" and "deliver") is of Saxon origin; but there is some doubt as to whether the other words came directly from that language or not.

b. The changes in our language shown in the semi-Saxon (1050 to 1250), Old English (1250 to 1350), Middle English (1350 to 1550), and Modern English (1550 to present time) terms were gradual. The comparison should be made at periods of 100 years.

In the 1st century would be noticed

The considerable modification in the orthography, and, it would appear, in the pronunciation of words.

In the 2nd century

Many inflexions of nouns and verbs are omitted, their place being supplied by particles, such as prepositions and auxiliaries, In the 3rd

French or other derivations are introduced in large numbers; and

In the 4th-

The inversion of the order of words and the use of ellipses are less frequent.

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