an army has finished a siege carly, the troops are allowed to repose till the fields produce forage for their subsistence: the third reason is, when the autumn proves rainy, and forage scarce, the troops are cantoned to protect them from the bad weather. CANVAS-BAGS. See BAGS, SandBAGS, &C. CAPARISON, under this term is included the bridle, saddle, and housing, of a military horse. CAPITAINE en pied, Fr. an officer who is in actual pay and does duty. CAPITAINE reformé, Fr. a reduced officer. CAPITAINE general des vivres, Fr. the person who has the chief management and superintendance of military stores and provisions. CAPITAINE des portes, Fr. a commissioned officer who resides in a garrison town, and whose sole duty is to receive the keys of the gates from the governor every morning, and to deliver them to him every night, at appointed hours. CAPITAL, in fortification, is an imaginary line which divides any work into two equal and similar parts. It signifies also, a line drawn from the angle of a polygon to the point of the bastion, or from the point of the bastion to the middle of the gorge. TCAPITULATE, to surrender any place or body of troops to the enemy, on certain stipulated conditions. CAPITULATION, in military affairs, implies the conditions on which the garrison of a place besieged agrees to deliver it up, &c. This is likewise the last action, both in the attack and defence of a fortification, the conditions of which may be of various kinds, according to the different circumstances or situations in which the parties may be placed. As soon as the capitulation is agreed on, and signed, hostages are generally delivered on both sides, for the exact performance of the articles; part of the place is delivered to the besiegers, and a day || appointed for the garrison to evacuate the place. The usual and most honorable conditions are, with arms and baggage, drums beating and colors flying, matches lighted, and some pieces of artillery; waggons, and convoys for the baggage, sick and wounded, &c. CAPONNIER, in fortification, is a passage made from one work to another, of 10 or 12 ft wide, and about five fect deep, covered on each side by a parapet, terminating in a glacis. Caponniers are sometimes covered with planks and earth. See FORTIFICATION. CAPS, in gunnery, are pieces of leather, or more commonly sheepskins, to cover the mouth of mortars when loaded, || till they are fired, to prevent damps, or rain getting in. CAP-Squats. See CARRIAGES. plies being clothed in armor from head to foot. CAPSTERN, 2 in military machines, CAPSTAN, signifies a strong massy piece of timber, in the form of a truncated cone, having its upper part, called the drum-head, pierced with a number of square holes, for receiving the levers. By turning it round, several actions may be performed that require an extraordina ry power. CAPTAIN is a military officer, who is commander of a troop of cavalry, or of a company of foot or artillery. The name of captain was the first term made use of to express the chief or bead (caput) of a company, troop, or body of men. He is both to march and fight at the head of his company. A captain of artillery and engineers ought to be master of the attack and defence of fortified places, and captains of infantry or cavalry should acquire some knowlege of those branches; artillerists should be good mathematicians, and understand the raising of all kinds of batteries, to open the trenches, to conduct the sap, to make mines and fougasses, and to calculate their charges. They ought further to be well acquainted with the power of artillery, the doctrine of the military projectile, and the laws of mo. tion, together with the system of mechanics; and should be good draughtsmen. A captain has in most services the power of appointing his own serjeants and corporals, and may by his own authority res duce or break them; but he cannot punish a soldier with death, unless he revolts against him on duty. The captains of artillery in the Prussian service, rank as majors in the army, and have an extraordinary pay, on account of the great qualifications demanded of them; and the captains of bombardiers, miners, and artificers, in the Portuguese service, have 9 dollars a month more than the captains of artillery in the same regiment. CAPTAIN-General. The King is captain-general of all the forces of Great Britain. This term implies the first rank, power, and authority in the British army. This power was delegated to the Duke of York, in 1799. CAPTAIN-Lieutenant, the commanding officer of the colonel's troop or company in the British army, in case the colonel is absent, or he gives up the command of it to him. He takes rank as full ca tain, by an order in 1772, and by a late regula tion, succeeds to the first vacant troop of company; the price of a captain-lieutenancy being the same as that of a captaincy. This title is still used in foreign services. CAPTAIN reformed, one who, upon a reduction of the forces, on the termination of war, loses his company, yet keeps his rank and pay, whether on duty or not. CAPTAIN on half pay, is one who loses his company on the reduction of an army, and retires on half-pay, until seniority puts him into duty and full pay again. CAPTAIN en second, or second captain, is one whose company has been broke, and who is joined to another, to serve under the captain of it. CARBINEERS, or Carabineers. All In some armies the captain en seconde, regiments of light armed horse were foris also a second captain to the same com- merly called so; but since the establishpany, whose rank is above all the liening of hussars and chasseurs, they have tenants, and below all the captains of the lost that denomination; and now all the same corps. cavalry are called carabineers, who carry the carabine. CAPTURE de deserteurs, Fr. Under the old government of France, a particular order existed, by which every intendant de province or commissaire de guerre was authorised to pay one hundred livres, or twenty dollars, to any person or persons who should apprehend and secure a deserter; and three hundred li vres, or seventy dollars for every man that could be proved to have enticed a soldier from the regular army or militia. CARACOLE, a semi-circular motion or half-wheel; chiefly applied to that used either by individuals or squadrons of cavalry, to prevent an enemy from discovering where they intend to make their attack. CARBON, charcoal. It is the name in the new chemistry given to every body which has the properties or qualities of the carbonic acid or charcoal; impreg CAQUE de poudre, Fr. a term synony-nated in certain degrees, bodies are called mous to a tun or barrel of powder. CAR, in military antiquity, a kind of small carriage; figuratively, used by the poets for a chariot: it is mounted on wheels, representing a stately throne, used in triumphs and on other solemn occasions. carbonates. See AIGREMONE. hitherto show the possibility of decomposing it. It exists in the animal, vegetable, and mineral regions. When it is required to procure carbone in a state of great purity, it must be dried by strong CARBONE. Pure charcoal is called carbone in the new chemical nomenclature. It is he black residuum of vegetables, which have suffered a complete decomposition of their volatile pri ciples by fire. Charcoal is black, brittle, sonoCARABINIERS, Fr. One complete ||rous, and light. It is placed among simregiment of carabineers was formed, dur-ple bodies, because no experiment has ing the monarchy of France, out of the different corps of cavalry. They were usually distributed among other bodies of troops, and it was their duty to charge the advanced posts of the en my. CARABINS, Fr. Those were light-ignition in a closed vessel. armed horsemen, who sometimes acted on foot. They were generally stationed in the out-posts, for the purpose of harrassing the enemy, defending narrow passes, &c. In action, they usually fought in front of the dragoons, or upon the wings of the first line. Their name is derived from the Arabian word Karab, which signifies, generally, any warlike instrument. CARAVAN; Caravanne, Fr. from a Turkish word, which signifies, a troop of travellers, who go armed by sea or land. CARBINE, in military aliairs, is a fire-arm somewhat smaller than the firelock of the infantry, and used by the cavalry. It carries a ball of 24 in the pound: its barrel is three feet long, and the whole length, including the stock, 4 feet. CARBONIC ACID. Carbonaceous acid. Fixed air. Mephitic gas. Aerial acid. The name of cretacious acid appears to agree best with this substance, because it is contained in very large quantities in chalk; and there is no other body with which it has so strong an affinity, as with ime, which composes the base of this earthy salt. The ca.bonic acid possesses all the more obvious qualities of air, and exists in the atmosphere, of which it is a small part. Atmospheric air. In 100 parts of atmospheric air there are 72 of azote, 27 of oxygene, and I of carbonic acid. CARCASS, a composition of combustibles. Carcasses are of two sorts. oblong and round: the uncertain flight of the first sort has almost rendered them useless. They are prepared in the foltowing ma ner: boil 12 or 15 lb. of pitch in a glazed earthen pot; mix with that 3 lb. of tallow, 30 lb. of powder, 6 lb. of salt-petre, and as many stopins as can be put in. Before the composition is cold, the carcass must be filled; to do which, smear your hands with oil or tallow, and fill the carcass 1-third full with the Rifled-CARBINES, are generally of the same dimensions with the above, and have their barels rifted spirally from the breech to the mouth; so that when the ball, which is forced into it, is driven out again by the strength of the powder, it is lengthened about the breadth of a finer, and marked with the rifle of the bore.Fire-arms of this kind have a much great-anove composition; then put in loaded er range than any other, because the rite of the barrel gives a sp ral direction, stead of a rotatory direction to the ball, which by that means makes the greater pieces of gun or pistol barrels, loaded renades, and fill the intervals with composition; cover the whole over with coarse cloth, well sewed together, kech and serves to describe those lines that have mason work. forming justs, tournaments, &c. ing it in a round form. Then put it into the carcass, having a hollow top and bottom, with bars running between them CAROUSAL, in military history, sigto hold them together, and composed of nifies a magnificent entertainment, exhifour slips of iron joined at top, and fixed bited by princes or other great personages. at the bottom, at equal distances, to a on some public occasion, consisting of piece of iron, which, together with the cavalcades of gentlemen richly dressed hoops, when filled, form a complete glo- and equipped, after the manner of the bular body. When quite finished and ancient cavaliers, divided into squadrons, cold, the carcass must be steeped in melt-meeting in some public place, and pered pitch, and then instantly immerged, in cold water. Lastly, bore three or four holes at top, and fill the same with fuze composition, covering the holes with pitch until used. Carcasses are thrown out of mortars, and weigh from 50 to 230 lb. according to the size of the mortars they are to be thrown out of. There are other carcasses for the sea-service, which differ from a shell only in the composition, and in the four holes from which it burns when fired. Fur Carrus For Guns. Mortars and ades. How'rs. 8 44 9 68 42 26 32 21 10 I I 28 7 23 7 16 10 18 10 367 535 10 8 4 1 12 72 1 512 2615 8 11 36 I 0 6 3 11 7! 4 11 13 4 CARRIAGES, in military affairs, are of various kinds, viz. Garrison-CARRIAGES, are those on which all sorts of garrison-pieces are mounted. They are made much shorter than field-carriages, and have generally iron trucks instead of wheels. As the trucks of garrison-carriages are generally made of cast-iron, their axletrees should have copper-clouts underneath, to diminish the friction of the iron against the wood. Travelling-carriages are in many respects very unfit for garrison service, though they are frequently used. Travelling-CARRIAGES are such as guns are mounted on for sieges, and for the field; they are much longer, and differently constructed from garrison-carriages; having 4 wheels, 2 for the carriage, and 2 for the limber, which last are only used on marches. Field. CARRIAGES are both shorter and lighter than those before-mentioned, bearing a proportion to the pieces mounted upon them. Limbers are two-wheel carriages, sometimes made with shafts, and sometimes with beams for drawing double; they serve to support the trail of field carriages, by means of the pintle or iron bolt, when artillery is transported from one place to another, and are taken off again when the pieces are to be fired, unless upon a march, when harrassed by the enemy, &c. Galloper-CARRIAGES serve for 1 1-2 pounders. These carriages are made with shafts, so as to be drawn without a jimber. In the war of 1756, the King of Prussia, mounted light 3-pounders on these carriages, which answered very well. The horse-artillery is an improve. Note.-It being found at the siege ofment of this method of the Prussian. Quebec, that the quantity of powder reHowitz-CARRIAGES are for transportquisite for throwing the carcasses into the ing howitzers; and those for the 6 and 5-8 town, always destroyed them, the me- inch howitzers, are made with screws to thod of filling the interval between the elevate them, in the same manner as the powder and carcass with turf was adopt-light 6-pounders; for which reason they ed; and found to preserve the carcass, and to produce every desired effect. CARIPI, a kind of cavalry in the Turkish army, which to the number of 1000 are not slaves, nor bred up in the seraglio, like the test, but are generally Moors, or renegado Christians, who have obtained the rank of horse-guards to the Grand Se gnior. are made without a bed, and the centretransom must be 9 inches broad to fix the screw, instead of 4 for those made without: in the centre, between the trail and centre-transom, there is a transom-bolt, which is not in others, because the centre-transom must be made to be taken out; after which, the howitzer can be elevated to any angle under ninety de CARMINE, a bright scarlet color,grees. which is used in plans of fortification, Tumbrel-CARRIAGE. See TUMBRII. CAR Block-CARRIAGE, a carriage which is made from a solid piece of timber, hollowed out so as to receive the gun or The howitzer into the cap-squares. lower part of the cap-square is let into the solid wood, and the gun or howitzer is either elevated or depressed by a screw, as in other carriages. The limber for this carriage carries two large chests for ammunition, and takes four men. The pintle of the limber is so constructed as to receive the gudgeon of the carriage; by which means a greater relief is afforded when the carriage passes over rough ground. Block-CARRIAGES are also used by the horse-artillery as curricles. They are particularly useful on mountain service. The original inventor of them, is the British Colonel Congreve, author of many other important military inventions. Truck-CARRIAGES are to carry timber and other heavy burthens from one place to another, at no great distance: they serve also to convey guns or mortars upon a battery, whither their own carriages cannot go, and are drawn by men as well as horses. Ponton-CARRIAGE. Carriages of this kind are solely for transporting the pontons; they had formerly but two wheels, but are generally now made with four.The making use of two-wheel carriages for travelling a great way, is contrary to sense and reason; because the whole weight lying upon the two wheels, must make them sink deeper into the ground, than those of a four-wheel carriage. CARRIAGE.-Weight of Field Carriages at present in use. Horse Artillery Carriages 51-2 Inch howitzer,equipped cwts. qrs. lbs. 45 0 w w w w 14 12 Pr. light gun Carriage complete 14 120 11 14 34 1 13 Limb. to do. em. box. 11 o 27. Ball cartridge wag- 22 3 13 3 16 48 84 2 16 pattern, 16 I 17 munition caisson, 16 2 36 21 I 14 17 1 14 91 1421 12 2 21 4 I13214 Dimensions of certain parts of carriages, the knowlege of which may prevent many mistakes in arranging the different pieces for disembarkation, or in other similar situations. Axletrees.-Most of the field carriages are now made with iron axletrees; the dimensions of which are as follows: Iron Axletrees. Dia. of thearm. Len.of arın 21 39 21 14 18 limber or carri age cuts, gr. lb. cwts. gr. lb. Light 12 Pounder 34 24 162 163 7 2 14 18 O Limber to do. 13 139 Large tilted baggage waggon, Equipage to be carried empty Park Carriages. 12 Prs. Med. guncar-16 1 21 riage, without box. 3 Limber to do. Gun 82 and limber Medium 12 Pr. 2 2 5.778 5 3 1056 to1 N. B. Carronades have not so much windage as guns. See WINDAGE. RANGES with Carronades, 1798. The Dimensions and Weight of Standing charge is 1-12th the weight of the shot; Gun Carriages. The and with one shot and one wad. line of fire from 6 to 9 feet above the level water. of the Axletrees,? to trunnion 4 9 4 7 4 3 391-2361-2 3 4 9 0 70 60 3 3 2 3 Weight of car-ct. qr.fct. qr.ct. qr.ct. qr.ct. qr.ct. Kinds. 89 42 32 24 18 12 Charge. 5lb. 8oz. 3lb. 8oz. lb. 10z. 2lb. 1lb. 8oz. 1lb. P. Blank Degree |