who, having fought a set battle, and slain a great number of the enemy, returned victors, led that martial, and, as it were, cruel procession of the triumph. But those who without force by benevolence and civil behaviour, had done the business, and prevented the shedding of human blood; to these commanders custom gave the honor of this peaceable ovation. For a pipe is the ensign or badge of peace; and myr. tle the tree of Venus, who, beyond any other deities, has an extreme aversion to violence and war. Vide Plut. in Marcell. For a full account of this ceremony, as well as of the Roman triumph, see Kennett, page 224.

OVENS. The modern improvements in the art of war, has beside making biscuit, the common food of man and horse, also introduced in the equipage of armies, ovens of cast iron, which travel with the waggon train, and the bakers are classed and under military discipline, in the performance of their important functions. The operations of dressing food in military camps, have been also improved by the introduction of count Rumford's process of boiling, roasting, and baking by steam; all performed by the single fire which heats the oven.

See INUNDATION.

N. B. The three blanks shew where

the overslaughs take place.

OVERTHROW, total defeat, discomfiture, rout.

QUEST ou Occident, Fr. One of the four cardinal points of the world, or the west. OURAGAN, Fr. A violent tempest. OUTBAR, to shut out by fortification. OUT-GUARD. See OUT-POSTS. OUTILS, Fr. Tools of every description that are used by the artificers and workmen belonging to the artillery, &c. OUTILS à mineur, Fr. Tools used in mining.

OUTLINE, the line by which any

OUTPART, at a distance from the main body. See OUT-POSTS.

OUT-posts, a body of men posted beyond the grand guard, called out-posts, as being without the rounds or limits of the camp. See POSTS.

OVERFLOW. To OVERLAP, to overspread any pre-figure is defined. ceding object. In marching by echellon, for the purpose of forming upon any given point, but particularly in wheeling from column into line, troops may loose their relative distances by not taking ground enough; when this occurs, the rear di. vision, company, or section, unavoidably crouds upon its preceding one, and it is then said to overlap. When this happens on service, the troops, so shut out, must remain as serre-files, or reserve, to fill up the intervals that will necessarily present themselves in action. But whether so or not, the line must, on no account, be deranged by moving it to right or left.

ÖVERLANDRES, Fr. Small barges that ply upon the Rhine and the Meuse. TO OVER-RUN. In a military sense, to ravage, to lay waste. A country which is harassed by incursions, is said to be

over-run.

OVERSEER, an officer in the ordnance department, who superintends the artificers in the construction of works, &c.

OVERSLAGH, as a military phrase, which is derived from the Dutch, to skip over, will be better explained by the following table. For instance, suppose 4 battalions, each consisting of 8 captains, are doing duty together, and that a captain's guard is daily mounted: if in the first regiment the second captain is doing duty of deputy adjutant-general; and the 4th and 7th captains in the second are acting, one as aid-de-camp, the other as brigade major; the common duty of these three captains must be overslagbed, that is skipped over, or equally divided among the ather captains.

OUTSIDE, in fencing, that part which is to the right of the line of defence.

OUTSIDE Guard, a guard used with the broad sword and sabre, to defend the outside of the position. See BROADSWORD.

OUTWALL. See REVETEMENT. OUTWARD FACE, a word of command for troops to face to the right and left from their centre.

To OUTWING, to extend the Яanks of an army or line in action, so as to gain an advantageous position against the right or left wing of an enemy. This mancuvre or evolution is effected by the movement on an oblique line. See MOVEMENTS.

OUT-works, in Fortification, are works of several kinds, which cover the body of the place, as ravelins, half-moons, tenailles, horn-works, crown-works, counter-guards, envelopes, swallow-tails, lunettes, covert-ways, &c.

These out-works, not only cover the place, but likewise keep an enemy at a distance, and hinder his gaining any advantage of hollow or rising grounds; as such cavities and eminences may serve for lodgments to the besiegers, facilitate the carrying on approaches, and enable them to raise their batteries against the town. When outworks are placed onc before another, you will find a ravelin before the curtain, a horn-work before the

ravelin, and a small ravelin before the curtain of the horn- work; those works which are nearest to the body of the place must be the highest, though lower than the body of the place, that they may gradually command those without them, and oblige the enemy to dislodge, if in possession of them.

OUVERTURE des portes, Fr. The opening of the gates in a fortified town or place, according to specific military rules. The method in all regular governments is too well known to require any particular explanation.

P

PAAT, Ind. A promissory note. PACE. The common pace is of no determined length; though made use of as a measure by most military writers.

In Germany, and amongst most of the northern powers, the pace is considered equal to 2-10 of a Rhinland rood.

In France the pace is commonly reckoned at 2 1-2 feet. The military pace is 2 ft. In England it is usually reckoned at 2 1-2 feet.

The geometrical pace is equal to 5 French royal feet; 60,000 of which make a degree of the equator. This makes the geometrical pace equal to 6, 102 English feet, and 5.6719 Rhinland feet.

OUVERTURE et fermeture des portes chez les Turcs, Fr. There are certain laws and regulations among the Turks, by which the janizaries are entrusted with the keys belonging to the gates of every fortified town or place in which they do garrison duty. The gates are always opened at day-break by two or four janízaries There is a capigy or porter stationed at each gate. Whenever he opens the gate he repeats, in an audible tone of voice, certain words in the praise of God and the sultan, after which he returns the key or keys to the janizaries, who carry them to the go-gether. vernor or commandant of the place. The closing of the gates is done with the same solemnity.

OUVERTURE de la tranchée, Fr. the opening of the trench or trenches OUVRAGES, Fr. Works. See FOR

TIFICATION.

OUVRAGE à corne, Fr. Hornwork. See FORTIFICATION.

OUVRAGE à couronne, Fr. Crowned work. See FORTIFICATION.

Fr.

For the military pace, see MARCHING. To PACE, as a horse does: aller à pas, Fr. There are four kinds of paces in the manége, the walk, trot, gallop, and amble. The last, more particularly, is called a pace, or easy motion, wherein the horse raises the two feet of the same side to

PACHA. The captain pacha, among the Turks, is the chief admiral and superintendant general of the marine. He generally commands in person. The sailors and soldiers of the military marine were formerly called lavans or lavantis; the soldiers are now called galiondjis.-The sailors are Turks from the maritime towns, or Greeks from the Archipelago. They are in constant pay. The soldiers, or galiondjis, are all mussulmen, and only receive pay when they are in actual ser vice. We recommend to our military readers an important work, which has lately been published at Paris, and from which they will derive considerable inforFr.mation respecting the Turks. It is intituled, Travels in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Persia, by citizen Olivier, member of the French National Institute.

OUVRAGES detachés, pieces detachées,
See DEHORS.
OUVRIR, Fr. To open.
OUVRIR les rangs, Fr. To take open
order.

En arriére, OUVREZ vos rangs,
Rear ranks take open order.

To

S'aligner à rangs OUVERTS, Fr. aligne or dress in line at open order. A jour OUVRANT. At break of day. A portes OUVRANTES. At the opening of the gates.

OUVRIERS, Fr. All sorts of artificers and workmen employed in fortification, &c are so called.

PACKET-Boats, small vessels that sail from the different sea ports and carry passengers, mails, &c. and keep up a regular intercourse with different places.

PADDY, Ind. Rice in the husk whether dry or green.

PADSHA, Ind. A king.

OXFORD Blues. See HORSE GUARDS OXYCRAT, Fr. A certain portion of PAGEANT, in ancient military history, vinegar to five or six times its quantity of a triumphal car, chariot, arch, or other water. This mixture is frequently used like pompous decoration, variously adornon service, and in hot weather, to allayed with colors, flags, &c. carried about in the burning heat of any inflamed part. public shows, processions, &c. It is likewised employed to cool cannon, during an engagement, in very hot firing. OXYGENE. The chemical base of vital air with which nitre is found to abound, and to which gunpowder owes its rapid and perfect combustion.

King's or queen's Own, a term which has been attached to some British regiments since the revolution in 1688. Thus the 4th, which landed with William III. was called the 4th, or King's Own.

PAGES, mousses ou garcons, Fr. Young lads of the description of English cabin boys, who learn navigation, and do the menial offices on board a French ship.

PAGOD, Ind. a general name given by the Portuguese to the temples in the east. It also denotes a coin. See PAGODA.

PAGODA, Ind. The place of worship among the Hindoos. It is likewise the name of a gold coin of the value of eight rupees. The English antl Dutch

coin pagodas. There are also silver pagodas struck at Marsingua, &c. with the figure of some monstrous idol.

PAILS, made of wood, with iron hoops and handles, hold generally four gallons, and serve in the field to fetch water for the use of artillery works, &c.

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seldom more than half baked; which together with the water it contains, increases the weight, and consequently enhances the value. Add to this, that purveyors must unavoidably increase the expence of the army by being obliged to employ a great number of bakers, bakers' men, waggons, and horses. Independent of the fur-expence, it is evident, that the operations of an army must unavoidably be clogged by the necessity of providing quarters for these people, of having a quantity of hand-milis, and of employing a certain number of effective men to form detachments for their security.

PAILLASSES, Fr. Straw beds, commonly called paillasses. These are nished by the barrack-department for the accommodation of sick soldiers.

PAILLE, Fr. Straw.

It is impossible to calculate the train of

Les soldats vont à la PAILLE, Fr. The soldiers are going to the forge yard or depot. This term is likewise used to signify the indulgence occasionally granted to soldiers for exercise or necessary evacua-robberies and inconveniences which grow tions. Thus when a battalion has gone through its manual, &c. the commanding officer gives the word à la paille.

Rompre la PAILLE avec quelqu'un, Fr. a figurative term, signifying to quarrel or fall out with any body, in an open and unreserved manner.

PAILLE, Fr. likewise signifies any flaw in metals. Cette lame est fine, mais il y a quelques pailles; this blade is finely tempered, but there are some flaws in it. La bame de son épée se cassa d l'endroit ou il y avoit une paille. The blade of his sword broke where there was a flaw.

out of this system, the embarrassments it occasions to a general; but above all the diseases, which bread, supplied in this manner, will always engender, and the fatigue that the troops must necessarily undergo to get their rations. Were all these mischiefs obviated, there is still another evil in reserve, which no precaution can set aside. This is the certainty that an enemy may be under, with res pect to your intentions and motions, by narrowly watching the establishment and disposition of your ovens. Were I, continues the marshal, to adduce instances and facts to corroborate these observations,

might dwell considerably at large upon the subject. I do not hesitate to say, that much ill success, which is attributed to other causes, proceeds entirely from the provision and distribution of ammunition bread. He even goes farther, for he as serts unequivocally, that soldiers ought sometimes to be enured to almost every species of privation, and instead of being

PAILLER, Fr. Palearius. An ancient body of French militia. The soldiers belonging to it were probably so called either from the circumstance of their wearing straw in their helmets, in order to know one another in action, or because they were accustomed to set fire to their enemy's habitations, &c. with bundles of straw, which they always carried with them for that purpose. The inquisitive may be more fully satisfied on this sub-provided with biscuit, occasionally to reject by referring to Ducange's Glossary,

ceive grain, which they must be taught to bake upon iron pallets, after having bruised and made it into dough.-Marshal Turenne has observed upon the same

PAIN de Munition, Fr. Ammunition bread. In the folio edition of marshal Saxe's reveries, page 16, we find the fol. lowing important observations on the sub-subject in his Memoirs. Marshal Saxe, ject of ammunition bread. He states that bread never should be given to soldiers on active service, but that they should be ac. customed to eat biscuits, for the following reasons:-Biscuits will keep a considerable number of years, and every soldier can conveniently carry with him in his haversack a sufficient quantity for seven or eight days. Those officers who have served among the Venetians, will readily prove the justness of this remark. But there is a species of biscuit, or hard baked bread, that never crumbles, (called soukari by the Russians) which is preferable to any thing of the kind. It is square, and about the thickness of a nut, and takes up less room than either bread or biscuits.

Purveyors, who are interested in the business, maintain a different opinion. They tell you that bread is best for troops. Every man of experience knows the contrary; for it is notorious, that contract, or ammunition bread, is not only made of inwholesome ingredients, but that it is

indeed, does not scruple to say, that although there might be plenty of bread, he would, in conformity to the opinion of many good officers, suffer his men to feel the want of it, I have, adds the latter, been eighteen months successively on service with troops who during the whole of that period never tasted bread, and yet never once complained or murmered. I have, on the contrary, heen frequently with others that had never familiarized themselves to that privation, and who, on the first appearance of want, were disheartened. In consequence of which the very nerve of enterprise and hardihood was broken, and nothing great could be undertaken.

The modern French armies have carried this idea to an astonishing extent and with success; not only their troops in the field are supplied with biscuit, but their horses

also.

PALADIN, Fr. A name given to those ancient knights who were either

what the French call comtes du palais, counts of the palace, or were princes li neally descended from Charlemagne, and other old kings.

the ground, which is marked out for the encampment of an army.

PALISSADES ferrées, palisades that are shod with iron. They are used int shallow streams and marshes to prevent small craft from plying, or persons from crossing them on foot. See PALANKEEN. PALL, a covering thrown over the dead. It is always used in military bu

PALKEE, Ind.

PALANKEEN, Ind. a vehicle carried on the shoulders of four men, by means of a bamboo pole extending from each end: it carries one person in a reclining posture: it has a canopy which is sup ported by a pole raised along the centre, from whence it is pendent on either side.rials. The palankeens are of various kinds; some are shaped like a chair, in which the person carried sits; in others they recline or sleep, and frequently journies of 2000 miles are thus performed.

PALEAGAS, Ind. See POLYGARS. PALANQUE, Fr. a kind of fortification, so called in Hungary. It is made of stakes driven into the ground, interlaced with twigs, and covered with earth, and serves to stop the progress of an advancing enemy.

PALESTRA, in Grecian antiquity, a public building, where the youth exercised themselves in the military art, wrest. ling, running, playing at quoits, &c.

PALEE, Fr. The row of piles upon which a wooden bridge is constructed, is so called.

PALESTRE, Fr. a wrestling place, or exercising ground. It comes from the Latin, and was originally derived from the Greek.

PALIS, Fr. the rows of small pointed stakes, which serve for any species of inclosure, are so called. The term palis. rade is derived from it.

PALISADES, or PALISADOES, in fortification, stakes made of strong split wood, about nine fee: long, six or seven inches square, three feet deep in the ground, in rows about 2 1-2 or three inches asunder, placed in the covert-way, at three feet from and parallel to the patapet or side of the glacis, to secure it from surprise.

They are also used to fortify the avenues of open forts, gorges, half moons, the bottoms of ditches, and, in general, all posts liable to surprise. They are usually fixed perpendicularly, though some make an angle inclining towards the ground next the enemy, that the ropes cast over them, to tear them up, may slip off.

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PALLAS, a name in the Heathen mythology, which is given to Minerva, who was looked upon as the goddess of war. PALUDAMENTUM, (Chlamys) among the ancients, a garment worn in time of war by the principal men of Rome, especially the generals, who were called for that reason paludati. The soldiers, having only short coats, called a sagum, were denominated sagati.

The paludamentum was open on the sides, coming down no lower than the navel, and had short sleeves. It was either of a white, purple, or red color, and sometimes black. Kennett, in his Roman Antiquities, page 313, says, the old palu→ damentum of the generals was all scarlet, only bordered with purple, and the chla mydes of the emperors were all purple, commonly beautified with a golden or embroidered border.

PAN, the side of a rectangle or irregu lar figure.

PAN, likewise means the distance which is comprized between the angle of the epaule and the flanked angle in forti. fication. See FACE OF A BASTION.

PAN, a name well known among the shepherds of antiquity, and frequently used by modern writers in their rural fictions. In military history it signifies a man who was lieutenant general to Bacchus in his Indian expedition. He is recorded to have been the first author of a general shout, which the Grecians practised in the beginning of their onset in bat tle. See PANIC.

PAN, that part of the lock of a musquet, pistol, &c. which holds the priming powder.

PANACHE, Fr. a plume, a bunch
PANNACHE, of feathers.

PANACHES Holtans, Fr. nodding plumes.

PANNACHES likewise signifies in architecture, the triangular part of an arch that contributes towards the support of a tur ret or elevation which is raised above the dome of any particular edifice.

PANCARTE, Fr. an ancient exercise or tournament, which was performed in the Roman amphitheatre, when strong athletic men were opposed to all sorts of enraged animals.

Turning PALISADES, are an invention of Mr. Cohorn, in order to preserve the palisades of the parapet of the covertway from the besiegers shot. They are so ordered, that as many of them as stand in the length of a red, or about ten feet, turn up and down like traps, so as not to be in the sight of the enemy, till they just bring on their attack; and yet are always ready to do the proper service of palisades. PANDOURS, are Hungarian infantry. PALISSADES, Fr. See PALISADES. They wear a loose garment fixed tight to PALISSADES de camp, Fr several pieces their bodies by a girdle, with great sleeves, of wood so arranged and tied together, that and large breeches reaching down to their ihet map with great dispatch be fixed inancles. They use firearms, and are excellent marksmen: they also wear a kind

of sabre, near four feet long, which they use with great dexterity

ple of a circular form, dedicated to all the gods. The name has been adopted among PANIC, 2 sudden consternation modern rations from the Pantheon of anPANIC fear, which seizes upon cient Rome, built by Agrippa in his men's fancies without any visible cause; third consulate, and dedicated to Jupiter There a needless or ill grounded fright. The Ultor, or Jupiter the avenger. reason why these terrors are attributed to is a chapel in the Escurial in Spain, call. Pan, was, as some say, because when ed Pantheon, of marble and jasper inlaid: Osiris was bound by Typho, Pan and the whole inside is of black marble, exthe satyrs appearing, cast him into a fright; cepting the luthern, and some ornaments or because he frightened all the giants of jasper and red marble. The Pantheon that waged war against Jupiter: or as at Paris during the progress of the French others say, that when Pan was Bacchus's revolution, has been appropriated to nalieutenant general in his Indian expedition, tional purposes; the names and busts of being encompassed in a valley, with an ar- the most distinguished statesmen and geny of enemies, far superior to them in nerals being preserved therein as marks of number, he advised the god to order his public gratitude, and objects of public men to give a general shout, which so sur- emulation. There is a building in Lonprised the opposite army, that they im- don that bears the name of Pantheon, but mediately fled from their camp. And that is all. It is private property, and the hence it came to pass, that all sudden only public use to which it has been apfears impressed upon men's spirits, with-propriated, has been that of operatical speout any just reason, were, by the Greeks culation, masquerades, or frivolous enterand Romans, called panic terrors. (See tainments. Polyænus Stratag. book 1.) The custom of shouting seems to have been used by almost all nations, barbarous as well as civil; and is mentioned by all writers who treat of martial affairs. Homer has several elegant descriptions of it, particularly one in the fourth Iliad, where he resembles the military noise to torrents rolling with impetuous force from the mountains into the adjacent vallies. We have likewise han our war-hoops.

PANIER à mine, Fr. See BOURRI

ale necessary.

PANIQUE, Fr. See PANIC.

PANNE, Fr. literally means shag, plush, &c. and is properly a sea term, signifying to lie to, mettre en panne. It is likewise used in a military sense, to express the steady posture of troops who are drawn up for battle, and wait an enemy's attack. La troupe est restée en panne. The squadron remained immoveable.

PANNEAU, Fr. Trap, snare. Donner dans le PANNEAU, Fr. to be ensnared, or outwitted.

PANNELS, in artillery, are the carriages which carry mortars and their beds upon a march.

PANNONCEAU, Fr. an ancient term, which was used to signify ensign or ban

PANTOGRAPHE, Fr. a mathematical instrument, which serves to copy all sorts of drawings. The French have paid great attention to the improvement of this instrument, of which a minute description may be found in Cours de Mathe matiques, by Pere Deschalles. But the sieur Panglois brought it to such perfec tion in 1750, that it is become universally useful.

PANTOMETER, an instrument used, to take all sorts of angles, distances and elevations. It was invented by the ancients, but has been greatly improved since.

PANTOMETRE, Fr. See PANTO

METER.

PAPIER de cartouche, Pr. Paper used for cartridges.

PAPIER gris, ou PAPIER brouillard, Fr. Whited brown paper.

PAPIERS et enseignemens, Fr. All the papers and manuscripts which are found on board a ship are so called.

PAQUEBOT, Fr. a modern French term, derived from packet-boat, which

see.

PARABOLA, in geometry, a figure arising from the section of the cone, when cut by a plane parallel to one of its sides.

From the same points of the cone, therefore, only one parabola can be drawn; all the other sections within these parallels being ellipses, and all without hyperbolas.

Properties of the PARABOLA. The square of an ordinate is equal to the rectangle of the abscissa, and four times the distance of the focus from the vertex.

The perpendicular on the tangent, from the focus, is a mean proportional between the distance from the vertex to the focus, and the distance of the focus from the po.nt of contact.

All lines within the parabola, which are drawn parallel to the axis, are called dia

meters.

The parameter of any diameter is a right