Comptroller, &c. This would seem to indicate that these instruments should bear date about the same time, and, as near as may be, be concurrent acts. 8th. Section 11 of the act seems to require that the Articles of Association should limit or fix the time for which the association is to continue.

9th. On the certificate of each bond (coupon or registered) to be deposited with the Treasurer, as the basis of the National Currency to be issued thereon, there must be written or printed (to be signed by the President or Cashier of the Association depositing the same) substantially the following words:

"This bond is deposited with the Treasurer of the United States by the (Here insert the No.) National Bank at (Here insert the name of the place) in trust for said bank, under the act of Congress entitled "An Act to provide a National Currency, secured by a pledge of United States Stocks, and to provide for the circulation and redemption thereof, approved February 25th, 1863." When registered bonds are deposited they must be issued to the Treasurer of the United States, in trust for the bank depositing the same.

It is desirable that no bond of a less denomination than one thousand dollars should be offered for deposit. A description of the bonds thus deposited will be entered upon the books of the Treasurer and on the books of the Comptroller, and the bonds will be kept in the fire-proof vaults of the Treasury.

With these precautions on the part of the National Banks, and the proper officers of the Government, it is difficult to conceive of any contingency by which any loss or injury can result to the owners of bonds by reason of their having been deposited with the Treasurer. 10th. Except in special cases, which in the judgment of the Comptroller may render an actual exami nation necessary, the statement, under oath, of the President or Cashier, and a majority of the Directors of the respective National Banks, setting forth the place of residence of the Directors, and the amount of stock held and owned by each, the amount of capital actually paid in, and the fact that the requirements of the act have been fully and in good faith complied with, will be considered sufficient evidence to entitle the associations to commence the business of banking; and on the receipt of such statement, the Comptroller will give to the associations, respectively, the certifi cate contemplated by the 10th section of the act.

11th. Whenever a new Director or Directors are elected, the oath taken or subscribed by him or them, and duly certified, must be forwarded to the Comptroller, according to the requirements of section 39 of the act. 12th. Before circulating notes will be delivered to any bank organized under the National General Bank ing Law, the Comptroller must have satisfactory evidence, by the report of an examiner, or otherwise 1st. That the Bank is located in some city, town, or village which is easily accessible, and not in some out of the way, inaccessible place, selected for the purpose of making the return of its notes difficult or expensive. 2d. That the bank is supplied with a suitable banking room or banking rooms, unconnected with any other business, and also with a vault, or safe, for the safe keeping of its funds. 3d. That the bank has procured such books as may be required for the transaction of a regular banking business, one of said books to be a record or minute book, in which shall have been recorded its Articles of Association, copies of which shall have been forwarded to this Department, and in which the proceedings of the Board of Directors shall be entered and preserved. 4th. That the bank shall have adopted by-laws for the management of its business approved by the Comptroller. 5th. That the amount of its capital stock required to be paid in, has been so paid, and that the same remains in bank, in cash, or with some safe depositary, subject to sight check, or has been invested in United States bonds, or in some other satisfactory manner. 6th. That the

bank has in its employment competent officers for the transaction of its business, that its Directors are men of fair standing, and that the bank has been organized to carry on legitimate banking.

The Comptroller will afford every aid and encouragement in his power to banks organized for the purpose of carrying into effect the spirit and intention of the law, but it will discountenance and prevent, as far as practicable, all attempts to pervert the law from its proper object, by establishing banks upon fictitious capital, which, by their inability to meet promptly their engagements, may at any time bring the system into disrepute.

NOTE-Under the late act of Congress, all communications addressed to the Department must be prepaid.

The rise in the prices of all commodities, and also of rent, accompanied by a drain of labor from nearly all pursuits, forced upon working people the necessity of higher wages, and at the same time presented the opportunity of making the demand successfully. To give the rise in rents in large cities is rather difficult. In many parts of New York city & dense population has rapidly filled up places which a few years before were waste, or sparsely settled.

In other sections, on the

east side for example, quarters which were formerly occupied as places of residence by wealthy families, have been invaded by tenement houses, and the character of the neighborhood entirely changed, while other places, formerly occupied as residences, have become great business centres, and have experienced an enormous rise in their local rentage.

Where none of these or other causes have interfered to change the character of the section; where localities remain about the same, and have experienced only the effect of the steady increase of productive real estate, rents may be said to have advanced from twenty-five to fifty per cent. within the past fifteen years. In many instances, however, even in the more unchanged sections of the city, a higher percentage than this has been reached, and in some the rate of augmentation has not been so great. But these figures will cover, for the most part, the increase in the price of the middling class of houses.

In tenement houses, the price of rooms and floors hardly averages as much now as in the years preceding the war. Many former occupants have enlisted or been drafted, the tide of immigration, until quite recently, had somewhat lessened, and other causes have combined to prevent this class of houses from being crowded. At the commencement of the war, rents fell very low, and continued so during 1861. Many landlords did not profess to insist on stipulated rents, but took what they could get. This was especially the case in tenementhouses. until tenement rates have now reached almost But in 1862 rents began to rise again their old figure.

The rate of increase in wages from 1845 unti 1863, is perhaps best exhibited in relation to carpenters, a class whose pay is generally the last to be increased, and the first to be lowered, on the occasion of any change in the condition of the affairs of the community. The wages of this body of laborers will be seen to have reached the price which they held at the beginning of this year, in 1851; and to have undergone no change except in 1854 and 1857, which

left college without a degree and went to London, where he continued his studies mostly in the direction of natural and especially botanical science at the royal gardens at Kew, for three years. Having returned to his native city, he engaged in business, and about 1830 entered the Methodist Book Rooms as a clerk. In 1831, he experienced a religious change and united with the Methodist Episcopal Church. He soon interested himself in the instruction of the colored people on the Sabbath, and in February, 1863, commenced preaching, though he was not received as a preacher by the New York Conference till 1835. In 1838, not having yet been ordained as an elder, he was censured by the conference, and suspended for having attended an anti-slavery convention at Utica; but the suspension was removed before the close of its session. He soon became eminent as a preacher in the church with which he was connected, and filled in succession many of the largest and most influential charges in New York, and in the larger towns and cities of New England. He was also from 1842 to 1856 assistant secretary and secretary of his conference, and usually a delegate to the Quadrennial General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he soon took a position as leader of the anti-slavery party. He was appointed in 1848 on a committee to revise the Methodist hymn book, and the principal labor of the work, which was in fact the preparation of a new book, came upon him, and was performed with that conscientious care and ability which marked all his public services. In 1856, he was appointed by the General Conference editor of the "National Magazine," and conducted it with extraordinary ability and success. He was also through the greater part of his career as a preacher a frequent and valued contributor to the "Methodist Quarterly Review," and was one of the Committee on Versions in the American Bible Society. His published works were, besides those already noticed, some Sunday school books, and S. S. question books. He also edited the posthumous works of Rev. Dr. Olin.

FLOYD, JOHN BUCHANAN, a general in the Confederate army, born in Montgomery (now Pulaski) county, Va., in 1805, died at Abingdon, Va., August 26th, 1863. He was graduated at the South Carolina College in 1826, subsequently practised law for several years in Virginia, and in 1836 emigrated to Helena, Arkansas, whence he returned in 1839 to Virginia. In 1847-'49 he represented Washington county in the House of Representatives, and from 1850 to 1853 he was governor of the State. As a delegate to the democratic presidential convention at Cincinnati in 1856, he exerted his influence in favor of the nomination of Mr. Buchanan in whose interest he made speeches in many parts of the country during the ensuing canvass, and for whom he cast his vote in the electoral college of Virginia. President Buchanan rewarded his services by appointing him in March, 1857,

Secretary of War. In that capacity he labored to the best of his ability to promote the rebellion of the Southern States, and to place them on a footing of strength commensurate with the importance of the conflict upon which they were about to enter; and there seems now to be little doubt that for several years previous to the election of Mr. Lincoln he was privy to the plot for overthrowing the Government. During 1860, in accordance with his orders, the army had been dispersed in the remotest part of the country, considerable portions being on the western frontier, in California, and Southern Texas, whence they could not readily be conveyed to the Atlantic seaboard; and in the same year an extensive transfer of arms from northern to southern arsenals was made, 115,000 muskets having been transferred by one order, and great quantities of cannon and ammunition by other orders.

No sooner had the secession of South Carolina paved the way for concentrated action on the part of the conspirators, than he began to avow openly his sympathy with the movement; and during the stormy discussions in the cabinet on the subject of reënforcing the forts in Charleston harbor, he was the most strenuous opponent of that measure, threatening to resign if it were consummated. On December 26th Major Anderson unexpectedly removed his garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, and upon the refusal of the President to order the entire withdrawal of the U. S. troops from Charleston harbor, Mr. Floyd tendered his res ignation, and was succeeded by Mr. Holt. Soon afterward he was indicted by the grand jury of the District of Columbia as being privy to the abstraction of bonds to the amount of $870,000 from the Department of the Interior in the latter part of 1860. He had, however, been permitted to retire from Washington, and was never subsequently brought to trial.

As a reward for his eminent services to the cause of secession, he was appointed soon after the commencement of hostilities, a brigadier general in the Confederate army, and in the summer and autumn of 1861 commanded, with Gens. Wise and Henningsen, in Western Virginia. The campaign was conducted by him with little skill or energy, and his retreat from Gauley Bridge, September 10th, after his defeat by Gen. Cox, with loss of baggage, camp equipage, and ammunition, was characterized by the Virginia papers of that period as the most disgraceful rout of the war. He was subsequently ordered to Kentucky, and commanded a bri gade at Fort Donelson when that place was besieged by Gen. Grant, in February, 1862. From apprehensions that, if captured, he might be subjected to the felon's doom, which public opinion in the loyal States had pronounced against him, he retired, on the night previous to the surrender of the fort, with Gen. Pillow and 5,000 men of the garrison, and made good his escape into Southern Tennessee and Alabama. Thenceforth he held no important com

mand. A temporary reappearance in the field in the succeeding summer, under State authority, resulted in no practical success, and he died in retirement.

FOOTE, ANDREW HULL, an American rear-admiral, born in New Haven, Ct., Sept. 12th, 1806, died in New York, June 26th, 1863. At sixteen years of age, he entered the navy as acting midshipman, and made his first cruise in the schooner Grampus, which formed part of the squadron operating, in 1823, under Commodore Porter, against the pirates of the West Indies. In the succeeding year he obtained a midshipman's warrant; in 1830 he was commissioned a lieutenant, and in 1838 he accompanied Commodore Read in his voyage of circumnavigation, as first lieutenant of the sloop John Adams, participating in the attack of the squadron upon the pirates of Sumatra. In 1841-'43, while stationed at the Naval Asylum in Philadelphia, he prevailed upon many of the inmates to take the temperance pledge, and was thus one of the first to introduce into the navy the principle of total abstinence from spirituous liquors. In his next cruise, as first lieutenant of the frigate Cumberland, he induced the crew to give up their spirit rations, to the manifest improvement of health and discipline; and he also personally superintended their religious instruction, often preaching on the berth deck to officers and men. In 1849-'52, he commanded the brig Perry of the African squadron, and showed great vigilance in suppressing the slave trade; and it is worthy of note that during the cruise not a drop of grog was served out to the crew, and not an officer or man was lost or disabled, or for any considerable period on the sick list, although the station is notoriously unhealthy.

In 1852 he was promoted to be a commander, and after serving on the "Naval Retiring Board," and in other capacities, he sailed in 1856 in command of the sloop Portsmouth, for the China station. At the time of his arrival, hostilities were imminent between the British and Chinese, and the latter, with a recklessness which subsequently cost them dear, fired from the Canton barrier forts upon a boat from the Portsmouth, at the stern of which the American flag was displayed. Receiving permission, after urgent solicitation, from his commanding officer, Commodore Armstrong, to resent this indignity, he anchored his ship opposite the largest of the forts, and on November 21st, with partial assistance from the sloop Levant, effected a practicable breach in its walls. Immediately a force of marines and sailors were landed, and the work carried by assault, Commander Foote being one of the first to enter with the stormers. The remaining forts, three in number, yielded successively to his attacks, and on the 24th the American flag waved over all of them. In view of the disparity of strength between the contending forces, the forts being massive granite structures, mounting 176 guns, and manned by

5,000 Chinese, the engagement was justly esteemed one of the most brilliant in the annals of the American navy, and Commander Foote received abundant congratulations and compliments from foreign officers on the station, who had been witnesses of his gallantry.

At the outbreak of the rebellion, Commander Foote was executive officer at the Brooklyn navy yard. In July, 1861, he was commissioned a captain, and in the September following was appointed flag officer of the flotilla fitting out in the Western waters. He entered upon his duties with great energy, and by the commencement of 1862, his vessels were completed and awaiting their crews and armaments, the work having been, in his own words, "the most difficult and arduous" of his life. Early in February the combined advance of the gunboats and land forces against the enemy in Kentucky and Tennessee was commenced, and on the 6th, Foote, without waiting for the arrival of the coöperating land forces under Gen. Grant, attacked, with seven gunboats, the strong works at Fort Henry, on the Tennessee river, and in two hours compelled an unconditional surrender. With the least possible delay, he transferred his fleet to the Cumberland river, and on the 14th opened fire upon Fort Donelson. The contest was maintained with great vigor on both sides for an hour and a quarter, and resulted in silencing the heavy water batteries of the enemy. The flag-ship St. Louis, and the Louisville, having at this juncture become unmanageable by injuries to their steering apparatus, drifted out of the fire, and the fleet was obliged to haul off, leaving the capture of the fort to the land forces.

Foote, though injured in the ankle by the fragment of a shot and compelled to move upon crutches, proceeded up the river immediately after the surrender of the fort, and destroyed the Tennessee iron works at Clarksville. Then, after a brief respite at Cairo, he sailed with his fleet, considerably increased in efficiency, down the Mississippi; the Confederates evacuating their strong positions at Columbus and Hickman at his approach. He remained at his post during the tedious siege of Island No. Ten, but after the reduction of that place, was reluctantly compelled by intense suffering from his unhealed wound to apply for leave of absence, and early in May turned over his command to Commodore Davis. Upon being restored to health, he was placed in charge of the bureau of equipment and recruiting under the new organization of the navy, and in July the President appointed him one of the nine rear-admirals on the active list. In June, 1863, he was ordered to relieve Admiral Dupont in command of the South Atlantic blockading squadron, and died while making preparations for his departure for Charleston.

Apart from his professional career, Admiral Foote was noted as an active friend of relig ious and philanthropic enterprises, and when not absent on sea duties, frequently participa

ted at the religious anniversary meetings in New York and elsewhere. While in command of the Western flotilla, he framed and enforced strict rules for the proper observance of Sunday, and for the prevention of profane swearing and intemperance. He had also some reputation as a writer, and in connection with his African cruise published "Africa and the American Flag," containing a general survey of the African continent, with remarks on the slave trade; beside a series of letters on Japan, which country he visited in 1857.

FOWLER, RICHARD, M. D., born in London, November 28th, 1765, died at his residence, Mil ford, near Salisbury, April 13th, 1863. He was educated in Edinburgh, and afterward went to Paris, where he was a witness of the strife and excitement of the first French revolution. He was personally acquainted with many of the actors in that political struggle, and was well known to Count Mirabeau. In November, 1790, he was admitted a member of the Speculative Society of Edinburgh, an institution which was founded in that city in 1764, and which has numbered among its members many of the most eminent men in Scotland and England. During his connection with this society he contributed essays on "Population and the Causes which Promote or Obstruct it;" on the "Effects of Grief and Fear upon the Human Frame;" and on "Belief." He took his degree of Doctor of Medicine at the university of Edinburgh, on the 12th of September, 1793, was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians on the 21st of March, 1776, and settled at Salisbury, The same year he was elected physician to the infirmary, and continued to discharge the duties of that office with great zeal and ability up to 1847, when advancing years induced him to resign. The governors, however, did him the honor of electing him consulting physician to the institution, an appointment which he held up to the time of his death. Dr. Fowler was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians in July, 1837; he was also a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, and a member of the Zoological and Edinburgh Medical Societies. On the establishment of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1831, he became a member, and for several years took a leading part at the annual gatherings of that body, giving particular attention to investigations connected with the mental state of the deaf, dumb, and blind, and many of his communications to the association are upon such subjects. During his long life he was on friendly terms with most of the political, literary, and scientific men of his time. In politics and religion his sentiments were of the most liberal nature. In early life he was the friend of progress and the enemy of oppression, and he lived to see most of the great principles which he espoused in the ardor of youth, carried into practice during his long and eventful life. His published works, beside those already mentioned, are : "Experiments and Observa

tions on Animal Electricity," on "Galvanism," and "Inflammation," published in 1793; on "Literary and Scientific Pursuits as Conducive to Longevity," 1855; on the "Influences of Man's Instinct on his intellectual and Moral Powers; " "The State of the Mind during Sleep," and "Second Attempts to Unravel some of the Perplexities of the Berkeleyan Hypothesis."

FRANCE. The term of the second Legisla ture of the Empire, which had been elected in 1857, expired in 1863, and it was accordingly dissolved on May 7th. Three weeks later, on May 31st and June 1st, the third Legislature, which, unless previously dissolved, will serve until 1869, was elected. The last session of the second Legislature was brief, and it confined itself almost entirely to voting the address and the budget. It was opened by the Emperor, on January 12th, by a speech, which briefly reviewed the progress made from 1857 to 1863. The achievements abroad were thus summed up by the Emperor:

In the East the national wish of the Danubian Principalities to form only one people could not find us unconcerned, and our support has contributed to cement their union.

We have given our support to what we thought jus tifiable in the grievances of Syria and of Montenegro, and of the Christians of Syria, without disavowing the rights of the Ottoman Porte.

Our arms have defended the independence of Italy after the day of battle our friendly relations with our without tampering with revolution-without altering adversaries, even for a day-without abandoning the Holy Father, whom our honor and our past engage. ments bound us to support.

which might have arisen with Spain, either from the We have suppressed the causes of misunderstanding non-delimination of the frontier line, or from the old debt of 1828; and with Switzerland the difference respecting the Valley of the Danube.

being concluded with England, Belgium, Prussia, Commercial treaties have been, or are on the eve of Italy, and Switzerland.

Finally, expeditions to China, Cochin China, and Mexico prove that there are not any countries, no mat ter how far distant, where any attempt against the honor of France remains unpunished. Such facts could not be accomplished without complication. Duty always advances through danger. Nevertheless, France has been increased by two provinces. The barriers which separated us from our neighbors have been removed; a vast territory has been thrown open to our activity in the far East; and what is better than conquest, we have acquired claims to the sympathy of the inhabitants, without losing the confidence and the esteem of the Government.

and its relations to the war in the United Of the internal policy of the Government, States, the Emperor spoke as follows:

I have called you to take a more direct part in the Government. I have given to your deliberations all the guarantees which freedom of discussion could claim. I have relinquished a prerogative, hitherto deemed indispensable, so as to allow the Legislative body to con give more solidity to the bases upon which public credit trof the expenses in a more absolute manner, and to rests.

To reduce our expenses, the army and navy esti mates have been considerably diminished. The float ed by the conversion of the Rentes a great step has ing debt has been reduced, and by the success achiev been taken toward the settlement (unification) of that