consideration. In discussions which permit of such flexible adjustment as was illustrated in the preceding paragraph this arrangement is an easy matter. But where the topic lends itself best to a plan of arrangement based strictly on, let us say, time, space, or association of ideas, there may be some difficulty in placing the most significant phase in the position of emphasis. It can be done, however, without giving a noticeable effect of distortion or incoherence. Take, for example, the outline previously suggested in the discussion of time order:

The Coal Strike of 1902

A. Introduction (The Basic Conditions).
B. The Beginning.

C. The Development.

D. The Climax.

E. The Settlement.

F. Conclusion (Significance for the Future). Let us suppose that by far the most important phase chances to be "The Development. The speaker may treat it briefly in its proper time order and then recur to it again just before the conclusion with some such introduction as follows: Of the various phases upon which I have touched, one period stands out as the most momentous: the period which witnessed the acts of unbridled lawlessness on the part of the men, and

of intimidation on the part of the operators. We have already considered this phase in a general way, but a more detailed examination is essential to a full appreciation not only of its actual results, but also of its implications, etc. Such a method of treatment is widely applicable, and since it is of undoubted value to get the emphatic phase at the close of the discussion, it should be freely employed.

D. SUMMARY

In this chapter we have considered the different methods of arrangement available for various topics and aims. It was pointed out that while no one method would ordinarily be used for the development of a subject in every detail, a consistent plan of procedure for the main divisions is best calculated to drive home the speaker's message. Sub-heads may then be arranged according to various other methods as may seem fitting.

The methods of arrangement were presented in three groups. The first of these, termed logical, comprises: (1) the cause and effect method, which provides for handling causal relationships; (2) time order, which presents material in a direct chronological sequence; (3) space order, adapted to the development of topics which involve place relationships; and (4) arrangement following predetermined analysis, for use in discussing an item

ized proposition or measure. The second group, called psychological, comprises: (1) the method of proceeding from the familiar, or simple, to the unknown, or complex; and (2) procedure by successive suggestions, a method based on association of ideas. The third group comprises three suggestions for placing certain points in the most advantageous positions: (1) by opening the body of the speech with a phase of predominant interest to a given audience; (2) by submerging minor, or least strongly developed, points in the middle of the discourse; and (3) by placing the most significant phase, or recurring to this phase, at the close of the body.

It would be an exaggeration to claim for arrangement as important a place in speech construction as for subject-matter. A comparison with architecture, however, presents a fair analogy: you must first have the material to build with, but it makes a vast difference to the structure how you arrange that material. Later on when we take up the subject of building an outline, the force of this analogy will be even more obvious.

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUDING A SPEECH

Having before us the various possibilities for introducing, developing, and arranging the material of an address, we shall now consider how it may be terminated in such a way as to realize the aims of the conclusion. These may be briefly restated as follows: to give an impression of completeness; to establish finally the central idea; to arouse enthusiasm for the speaker's views; and to stimulate action, if active response is desired.

A. THE EFFECT OF COMPLETENESS

Sometimes, owing to limitation of time or restriction of his topic, a speaker deems it unwise to touch upon every important phase of the general subject of discussion. Under such circumstances the audience, failing to divine his reason, may get the impression that the speaker has purposely evaded certain issues. Or it may feel that he has not been fully aware of the possibilities of the subject. This undesirable impression will ordinarily be provided against in the introductory analysis; but if the speaker has any doubt about

the matter when he reaches his concluding section, he should take care to explain any significant

omission.

The next step toward rounding out the address may be taken by using one or both of the following means. The first of these is a succinct restatement of the leading points which have contributed to the support of the main theme. Such a résumé is not always necessary, especially if the speech is brief and the points are reiterated in the development. The second means, The second means, which may take the place of the résumé or be used in conjunction with it, is a general statement indicating how the speaker has tried to view fairly the various factors involved, and to concern himself with the various interests affected.

B. CLINCHING THE CENTRAL IDEA

Thus briefly, but without abruptness, the speaker leads up to the highly important final statement of the central purpose of his address. This should be expressed in such clear, unhampered, and emphatic form that no individual in the audience can fail to be impressed by it.

C. THE EMOTIONAL APPEAL

Now comes the opportunity, providing the topic of the speech warrants it, to apply the mes