(calm, palm, etc.), and in a number of words such as could, talk, would, etc.

Two errors are of common occurrence. One of these is due to lowering the soft palate and forcing the breath into the nasal passage, thus giving the sound a nasal quality. This same effect is sometimes produced simply by closing the nasal escape while making 1. The second error is due to relaxing the tongue and using a lip-rounding, which results in a virtual consonant w sound (fawu for fall, fiwŭ for fill, etc.).

The n sound is made by bracing the edges of the blade of the tongue against the forward upper grinders, with the tip of the tongue against the hard palate just behind the teeth, and then forcing a vocalized breath through the nasal passages. This sound is frequently represented by gn, kn, mn, pn (gnome, knot, mnemonics, pneumatic). Final n after m is silent (hymn, solemn, etc.).

An error common to n and the other nasal sounds, m, ng and nk, is failure to produce the proper nasal vibrations. This is sometimes due to a cold, or а chronic stoppage of the nasal passages, and sometimes to a habitual muscular contraction. With a nasal obstruction, whatever the cause of it, n becomes practically d (dight for night, fid for fine, etc.).

The t sound is made by placing the tip of the tongue against the hard palate, just above the teeth, the edges of the blade being braced lightly against the forward upper grinders, and then jerking the tongue down as an unvocalized breath is forced against the obstruction. This sound is represented in a few cases by th (Thames, thyme), and frequently by the verbal ending ed (looked, passed, etc.). The letter t when preceded

by s is silent in the terminations ten and tle (glisten, listen, bristle, whistle, etc.); also in often, soften.

The error to be avoided in producing t is a thickening of the sound which results if the tip of the tongue is permitted to touch the teeth.

The d sound is made in the same way as t, with vocalization added. The letter is silent in Wednesday, handkerchief, and handsome.

This sound is subject to thickening as is the t sound. The tip of the tongue must be kept clear of the teeth.

launches

riches

satchel teacher - urchin - witchery; arch branch coach-ditch each - fetch - gulch - inch - lurch - muchnotch pinch - poach rich search such teach - watch wretch.

jab - jangle - jar - jerk - jest - jig - jingle - joke jolly jostle jot - jovial - jump - jungle - jury - just jut juvenile; adjourn - adjust - agile bulging cajole danger - eject - forging

- gauger hegira injure - judging - lounger - major - object - pageant region - soldier - tragic - verger - wager; age - badge bulge cage dodge - edge - gorge gouge hedge liege manage nudge plunge revenge

lad - lack lag - lamb - learn - least - led - lend lest lift - light

long look loot lord lost - lung; allow balance

black calumny - deliver - doleful - emulate - fallacy · flight glimmer - golden - halt - healing - illness - jelly kelp lilt mellow olden - plead - reality - stillness valley welcome; bail - ball chill - deal - earl - fool gnarl goal hull idol jewel knell loll - mile nickel - opal - pencil - quill - roil - sickle - tool - useful

voile - wool.

gnarl - gnaw knob nab

nest net never

noon

nickel-night- nip - nitre noise

earnest - fanning - gander - hunter

inmate janitor - kennel- land - minnow

vanquished wind; acorn

ornament

unnerve

ban captain - deafen

eaten - fallen - gamin - hidden - immune - kin - lean

term-tick - tide - tight - tile - time - tip - toast - toll tone tore touch

button criticize - daughter - debtor esteem - fatal fitting greater heated intend - jilted lighting

motor - neatly oyster pattern - quantity - restore satin tantalize - utter - ventilate - water; art - bat coat debt eat fight great hot interest - jot lint mute night oft part quilt rapt sift taught vat wait zest.

dab - dame - dart - dawn - deaf - deck - deep - deft dent - desk - differ - dig - dim - dine - disc - dock - doff drip duck due - dwell; adapt - bending - candle - deadlock - endure - fiddle girder - huddle huddle idle jaundice kindling - ladder

The Tongue and Soft Palate Group
(k, g palatal, ng, y)

The k sound is made by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, and pushing the latter against the back wall of the pharynx, thus shutting off the escape of air through both mouth and nose; then, as an unvocalized breath is forced against the obstruction, suddenly jerking the tongue down. The sound is represented also by c (clean, come, etc.), ch (chorus, chromo, etc.), ck (back, lock, etc.), cque (racquet, sacque, etc.), cu (biscuit, circuit, etc.), q (quinine, quinsy, etc.), qu (croquette), que (bisque, pique, etc.). The letter k is silent before n in the same syllable (knapsack, knuckle, etc.).

The sound of palatal g (as in go) is made in the same way as the k sound, except that the breath is vocalized for g. The sound is represented also by gh (ghost, ghoul, etc.), and gu (guard, guerdon, etc.). It is to be noted that the digraph gh is silent before t (brought, caught, etc.); also after i (nigh, sleigh, etc.); and frequently after ou (dough, plough, etc.). The g at the beginning of a word is silent before n (gnarl, gnome, etc.); also before m or n final (diaphragm, feign, etc.).

The ng sound is made by raising the

back of the tongue to meet the soft palate, and forcing vocalized breath through the nasal passages.

a

This sound is represented also by n (anchor, anxiety, congress, ink, etc.). etc.). It is important to observe that in words such as congress, finger, linger, etc., the ng sound is represented by n, and the g is a separate element; also that in comparatives and superlatives of adjectives ending in ng (longer longest, stronger - strongest, etc.), n represents the ng sound, and the g is sounded with the second syllable. The frequent combination nk always has the value of ngk (bank, link, sunk, etc.).

An ng error of common occurrence is the termination of the sound with a separate g or k (singg for sing, kingk for king, etc.). This mistake is especially liable to occur if the next word begins with a vowel (running gup for running up, coming gin, for coming in, etc.). This ng error can be avoided by holding the tongue in its position against the soft palate until the breath current has been shut off. If the tongue is dropped while there is still breath pressure behind the obstruction, a k or g termination is inevitable. A second error of even more frequent occurrence is the substitution of n for ng (runnin for running, tryin for trying, etc.). The ng is a consonant digraph, i. e., a single sound represented by two consonants; it is not a combination of the n and the g sounds, but is inseparable, and unlike either of the sounds represented by the letters composing the digraph. Therefore, to sound only the n is quite as wrong as to add a g- or k, if the vocalization is discontinued.

The consonant y sound, which, with the exception noted below, occurs only at the beginning of a word or syllable, is made by raising the blade of the tongue to the hard palate, with the edges braced against the