of the two last years of this war. From whence we may probably conclude, that he who was not ashamed to publish such inhuman actions of his own, as are there recorded, did not scruple to order, or commit others, if possible, more inhuma which he took care to suppress. CHAP. IX. The Spaniards invade Ireland. ON the 23d of September, 1601, the Spaniards under don Juan D'Aguila, landed at Kinsale, full of confidence, that they would be immediately joined, in their hostile attempts on the kingdom, by all the discontented Irish. But herein they were greatly disappointed; for "no Irish of account," says Morrisson, repaired to them, except some dependents of Florence McCarty, who was then in prison, and had invited them over." And although don Juan, immediately after his landing, published a manifesto, wherein he solemnly declared, Pacata Hibern. fol. 136. 2 Id. ib. 3 Id. ib. fol. 200. of this book; but it appears from the preface, that it was digested from his papers by another hand."-Biograph. Hist. of Eng. vol. ii. p. 133. • “It was not,” says sir George Carew, "religion or conscience that brought the Spaniards to relieve the Irish, but only revenge for the queen's aiding the states of the Low Countries against Spain." Pac. Hib. fol. 275. "The king of Spain begun that action (invasion of Ireland) on a false ground, to find a powerful party in that kingdom on his first descent.” Lords of the English council to lord deputy Mountjoy.-Morriss. fol. 186 "Let us consider the provocations, that is the wrongs, which we (English) first did unto them (Spain): let us remember the money intercepted, which the king (of Spain) was sending to D'Alva, the loss whereof at that time hazarded well nigh the loss of all the Netherland Provinces, so lately reduced: the assistance given to the prince of Orange by Gilbert Morgan, and others: the first voyage of sir Francis Drake; the sacking of St. Domingo; the protection of Holland by Leicester; the infinite depredations, letters of mart executed, to the infinite damage of the Spaniards; besides the invectives that were in every pulpit, the ballads and libels in every press, were provocations such as flesh and blood would not endure in the meanest persons. Can any wise man think, that the king of Spain should not be sensible of such indignities? was it not probable, nay, was it not equal, that he should send a fury to Kinsale to revenge these wrongs."-Hierus. & Babel. 2d edit. p. 13, 14. that his design in this expedition, was to rescue them* from that oppression and slavery, which they had so long groaned under on account of their religion, (which also he promised to re-establish in a free and flourishing state) yet he found the generality of these people, and even many of their clergy,† so unwilling to assist him, even for these desirable purposes,+ "that he conceived a just disdain and spleen against the nation." This is confirmed by lord deputy Mountjoy himself, who informed the English council," that don Juan, and his Spaniards, conceived malice against the Irish, in whose aid they too late discovered no confidence could be placed. * Id. ib. fol. 224. 5 Morriss. History of Ireland, fol. 122. It is • "But in despite of all these pathetic exhortations, the provincials of Munster were as yet so reluctant to engage in any new rebellion, that on the arrival of the lord deputy, at Cork, several of their chieftains presented themselves before him, with most vehement assurances of their loyalty." So that "the Spaniards, who came with a vain hope of meeting a whole kingdom at their devotion, now found themselves confined within an inconsiderable town, unassisted by the natives, and besieged by the queen's forces."-Lel. Hist. of Ir. p. 396. +"Candour obliges us to acknowledge, that the Romish clergy, at this time, did not uniformly concur in exciting the Irish to insurrections. Sullivan himself confesses, (although it was his business to represent the religious zeal of his countrymen in the most advantageous point of view) that a considerable party among the clergy, recommended a dutiful submission to the government, and opposed the practices of their more intemperate brethren."-Leland's Hist. of Ireland, vol. ii. p. 306. Morrisson affirms, "that the reason moving don Juan afterwards to make the surrender of Kinsale, was the malice, he and the Spaniards had against the Irish; in whose aid, they too late discovered no confidence, could judicially be placed."—History of Ireland, fol. 192. One of the means lord Mountjoy made use of to gain over the Irish to him against the Spaniards, was the following: there were some of them, "who having no living, nor any thing that would afford them maintenance, yet had not shewn themselves disloyal, though all of them were swordsmen, and many of them gentlemen by descent, and able to draw after them many followers to whom the Spaniards made offer of great entertainment; those he proposed to take into her majesty's army, being confident, that he should make good use of them against the Spaniards, as he meant thoroughly to put them to it. And of this, he assured the lords of the council, that when they had served his turn against the Spaniards, he could, without danger, ease her majesty of that charge, and would no longer hold them in entertainment. In the mean time (adds he) they shall spend little of the queen's victual; but being paid in the new coin (in a scarcely credible, and yet we have the same lord deputy's tes timony for it, that this Spanish general offered six shillings a day to every horseman among the Irish, that would join his standard. "So that," adds his lordship," it is a wonder unto us, that from present staggering, they fall not to flat dejection." And, what increases the wonder still more is, that notwithstanding all these inducements, much the greater part of the queen's army, which then besieged him in Kinsale, consisted of the Irish. But so inconsiderable a number of the rest of these people were seduced to that defection, by these tempting offers and declarations; and so ridiculously incensed were the Spaniards against them, on that account, and thought them so little worthy to be saved in any sense, that one of their officers publicly declared," that he believed Christ did not die for them." As for those few Irish, who joined the Spaniards on their first arrival, sir George Carew himself seems to have made their apology, by saying "that little wonder was to be made thereat, considering what power religion and gold have in the hearts of 6 Morrisson's, ib. fol. 144, 8 Pacata Hibernia, fol. 176. 7 Pacata Hibern. fol. 213. shilling of which, he else-where tells us, there was not more than two penny worth of silver) provide for themselves." Morriss. Hist. fol. 139. This proposal was approved by her majesty," and prevented Tirone of a great many men, that otherwise, says his lordship, must and would have served him for entertainment, having no other means to live."-—Id. ib. fol. 153. Does it not from hence plainly appear, that these Irish swordsmen preferred the service of their protestant queen, on this critical and trying exigency, to that of her powerful catholic enemy, even with some disadvantage to themselves? * Little doubt can be made, that if the generality of the Irish assisted the Spaniards on this occasion, Kinsale would not have been taken; for the lord president himself, in a letter to Cecil says, "that Kinsale was bought at so dear a rate, as while I live, I will protest against a winter siege. I do speak within my compass, I do verily believe, that at that siege, and after the sickness there gotten, we lost above six thousand men that died."--Pacata Hibernia, fol. 349. Sir George Carew's army when it sat down before Kinsale, consisted of three thousand men, two thousand of whom were of Irish birth. Pacata Hibernia, fol. 213.—And lord deputy Mountjoy acquainted the English coun cil, that the companies under him were full of Irish.--Id. ib. fol. 204, men, both which the Spaniards brought with them into Ireland." 10 Immediately before the surrender of Kinsale, which was occasioned by the entire defeat of the northern Irish, under Tirone, who came to relieve it, her majesty's army, being in pursuit of the routed enemy, continued the execution a mile and a-half, and left it there only because they were tired killing :" “And had it not been," says Morrisson," who was then on the spot, "for some impediments frøm the weariness of the men, and the ill condition of the horses for want of feeding, we had cut the throats of all the rebels there assembled.” "The earl of Clanrickardt killed," with his own hand, above twenty Irish; and cried out to spare no rebels: for which the deputy knighted him in the field, among the dead bodies. There were some of the Irish taken prisoners, who offered great ransoms, but upon their bringing to the camp, they were all hanged."+ Morrisson informs us of one particular, concerning the defeat of the Irish at the battle of Kinsale, which for its oddity, at least, deserves some notice. 13 "On the same day," says he, “an old written book was shewn to the lord deputy, wherein was a prophecy, naming the ford and hill where this battle was given; and foretelling a great overthrow to befall the Irish in that place." Sir George Carew has given a more circumstantial 10 Id. ib. fol. 144, 235. 11 Hist. of Irel. fol. p. 178. "All the rebels in Ireland were drawn into Munster, on that occasion. -Pacata Hibernia, fol. 231. No man (says sir George Carew) did bloody his sword more than his lordship that day, and would not suffer any man to take any of the Irish prisoners."-Pacata Hibernia, fol. 235. It appears from a letter of don Juan d'Aguila, to lord Mountjoy, that the Spanish prisoners taken on that occasion were abandoned by the Irish, and left in the utmost distress; "that there was no sustenance given them, that they suffered extreme wants both with hunger and cold, and found not any alms." The reason of which lord Mountjoy seems to assign, when he says, "that the contempt and scorn, in which the Spaniards held the Irish, (for not having joined them) and the distaste which the Irish had of them, were not to be believed by any but those who were present to see their behaviors and hear their speeches; insomuch (adds his lordship) as we may probably conjecture, that by such time as don Juan, with his forces, is arrived in Spain, it will be a difficult thing for the Irish hereafter to procure aids out of Spain.—Morrisson, fol. 187, 189. account of this prophecy." He had often heard the earl of Thomond say, that in an old book of Irish prophecies, which himself had seen, it was reported, that towards the latter days a battle should be fought between the English and the Irish, in a place which the book named, near unto Kinsale; and the earl coming out of England, and landing at Kinsale, in the time of the siege, sir George, and divers others, heard him report the prophecy, and name the place, where, according to it, the battle should be fought. The day on which the victory was obtained, he and the earl rode out to see the dead bodies of the vanquished, and asked some that were there present, by what name that ground was called; they not knowing to what end the question was asked, told the true name thereof; which was the same that the earl had before reported to him. "I beseech the reader," continues the president, " to believe me, for I deliver nothing but truth; but as one swallow makes no summer, so shall not this one true prophecy increase my credulity in old predictions of that kind." CHAP. X. The cruelty of the English army in Munster. IN December 1600, about nine months before the arrival of the Spaniards," there was not in the whole province of Munster,* one castle that held out against the queen; nor was it known that there were five rebels in a company there." And afterwards, at the battle of Kinsale, almost all the insurgents of the other provinces, who were there assembled under Tirone, were totally dispersed.+ Yet the unceasing cruelty of the vic2 Id. ib. 14 Pacata Hibernia, fol. 235. 1 Id. • "And now (December, 1600) there was not a castle in Munster held for the rebels, nor any company of ten rebels together, though there wanted not loose vagabonds dispersed in all corners."-Morrisson's History of Ireland, fol. 94. + We are told by a contemporary Roman catholic writer, that Tirone's defeat at the battle of Kinsale, was a judgment from God, on account “of his soldiers, in their march thither to relieve the Spaniards, having robbed and spoiled the monasteries of Timnalage, and Kilcrea; and prophaned other churches." "For," says the writer, "the queen's army consisted, |