vantages. They are by law entitled to a certain quantity of ground, with the produce of which, and the breeding of pigs and poultry, they may well look forward to acquiring money to become coartado, and even to being emancipated. It is also highly advantageous to the slaves that public opinion is favourable to granting them their liberty; and all respectable men would feel ashamed to throw obstacles in the way of their becoming free; on the contrary, masters are generally very willing to assist their slaves in the attainment of this most desirable object. The effects of this system are seen in the state of the population. The last census (which, though not very exact, is sufficiently so for the present purpose) makes the whites 290,000, the free people of colour 150,000, and the slaves 225,000.

chamber, destitute even of the meanest article of furniture, excepting a coarse, porous, earthenware vessel, for cooling the water he occasionally drank. He was surrounded by persons maimed and disfigured in the manner before described. He scarcely looked up to notice our entrance, but continued his employment of drawing upon the floor, for one of his engineers, a plan of some works he was then constructing. His form was athletic, and his long white beard entirely covered his breast. His habit was that of a common Arab, plain but clean, consisting of a white camlet over a cotton cassock. His turban was also white. Neither cushion nor carpet decorated the naked boards of his divân.

the immediate occasion that calls it forth, is
doing nothing for substantial utility and hap-
piness, whatever it may effect for his ease. He
must have an interest in the accumulation of
wealth, that he may be induced to labour to
obtain it; and he must be impelled to industry
by that spirit of social emulation which can
alone lead to great and unwearied exertion.
In Cuba, other circumstances, however, beside
the coartado system, come in aid of this state
of things. There is something of political
equality existing among the free; and there is
the fact, that all complexions are to be found
among the class of labradores, or hired work-
people. The creole whites, independent of the
coloured classes, who are recognized as the
blancos de la tierra, or the indigenous or Indian "The conversation began by a request from
whites, beside being chiefly occupied in the the Pacha that English captains, in future,
rearing of cattle, which they drive 300 or 400 would fire only one gun, rather as a signal
miles to find a market for, cultivate small than as a salute, upon their arrival. There
estates, on which sugar, coffee, tobacco, and can be no good reason,' said he, for such a
corn are grown, less for exportation than for waste of gunpowder in ceremony between
the supply of the neighbouring districts. Upon friends. Besides,' he added, 'I am too old to
these estates whites and blacks work together. be pleased with ceremony: among forty-three
Such labourers being extremely orderly and Pachas of three tails, now living in Turkey, I
giving no trouble, they are greatly to be de- am the senior. My occupations are, conse-
pended on when they hire themselves out, as quently, as you see, very important,' taking
they occasionally do, in the exposed and out a pair of scissars, and beginning to cut
fatiguing labour of tilling and clearing new figures in paper, which was his constant em-
lands, and receive wages as high as from ployment when strangers were present; these
twelve to fifteen dollars per month. I have he afterwards stuck upon the wainscot. His
myself seen, in the tobacco district of Yarra, whole discourse was in parables, proverbs,
the youths,-both white, black, and brown, truisms, and oriental apologues. One of his
returning together from the fields in the even- tales lasted nearly an hour, about a man who
ing, with their implements of husbandry on their wished to enjoy the peaceful cultivation of a
shoulders, cheerful and happy, and amusing small garden, without consulting the lord of
themselves with all the wild joyousness of boys the manor whenever he removed a tulip; al-
coming from a harvest-field in England. The luding, perhaps, to his situation, with refer-
moral effects of this are incalculably great.ence to the Grand Signior. There was evi-
The negro becomes content with his life when dently much cunning and deep policy in his
this participation in his toils, by those who are pretended frivolity. Apparently occupied in
physically different, convince him that a life regulating the shape of a watch-paper with his
of labour is not exclusively the lot of the scissars, he was all the while deeply attentive
black man.
to our words, and even to our looks. He be-
lieved that dissensions had been excited in his
dominions by Sir Sidney Smith, to divert him
from the possibility of assisting the French, by
attacking the Vizier's army in its march
through Syria, and was much incensed while
he complained to us of this breach of confi-
dence. I ate,' said he, 'bread and salt with
that man; we were together as sworn friends.
He did what he pleased here. I lent him my
staff; he released all my prisoners, many of
whom were in my debt, and never paid me a
parà. What engagements with him have 1
violated? What promises have I not fulfilled?
What requests have I denied? I wished to
combat the French by his side; but he has
taken care that I shall be confined at home, to
fight against my own people. Have I merited
such treatment? When he was a little paci-
fied we ventured to assure him that he had
listened to his own and to Sir Sidney's ene-
mies; that there did not exist a man more
sincerely allied to him; and that the last
coinmission we received, previously to our
leaving the fleet, were Sir Sidney's memorials
of his regard for Djezzar Pacha. In proof of
this, I presumed to lay before him the present
Sir Sidney had entrusted to my care. It was
a small but very elegant telescope, with silver
slides. He regarded it, however, with disdain,
saying it had too splendid an exterior for him;
and, taking down an old ship glass that hung
above his head, covered with greasy leather,
added, Humbler instruments serve my pur-
poses; besides, you may tell Sir Sidney that
Djezzar, old as he is, seldom requires the aid
of a glass to view what passes around him.'"

DJEZZAR PACHIA AND DR. CLARKE.

Of all schemes for getting rid of the curse of slavery in our sugar colonies, there is none which can come recommended with greater practical certainty than the system recognized by the Spanish laws. If its abolition be effected, as the benevolence of some would suggest, by an immediate emancipation, without a due provision for continued industry, we indeed get rid of slavery, but we are in danger of substituting no other certain system of steady labour in its place, and the commerce and agriculture of our colonies become at once jeoparded by rash innovation. If to be redeemed from bondage, and to provide for a family, without the discredit of being burdensome to the community we belong to, were to be the only consideration, any scheme which determined the abolition of slavery at a definite period might be sufficient for the adoption of the legislature; but to see the negro contented with living idly in hovels scarcely more than accommodated to the purposes of shelter, or to see him diligent only in the supply of those wants which are scarce an attention to the common decencies of life, is not the object of those who desire that he should be a freeman and a citizen. It is to embue him with habits by which he may appreciate his own interest in continuing the cultivation of the sugar estates held by the present capitalists of DR. CLARKE'S portrait of the celebrated the colonies; to become his former master's Djezzar Pacha, says the Edinburgh Review, sugar farmer, occupying his accustomed land is drawn with much spirit, though we found a and cottage at a stated rent-charge; and to look little portion of horror mingled with our amuseto European immigration not as the coming of a ment while we contemplated it. Next to the dominant complexional class, but on the better remarkable personage who has so long atprinciple of bringing among the indigenous tracted the attention and disturbed the tran population those who can infuse among them a quillity of Europe, we look upon Ali Pacha of spirit of intelligence and activity, arising out of Jenina, and Djezzar Pacha of Acre, as the a continually increased desire to be intelligent most extraordinary men of the present times. and usefully active. This can be best effected The name of the latter, which he assumed by giving the slave early an interest in his own voluntarily, and out of ostentation, signifies labour in his master's fields; those habits will Butcher; and, by all accounts, he has amply then become impressed which will induce earned it. Throughout his life, he has genehim, as it does the European husbandman, to rally acted as his own executioner. On one regard the spot of his early associations as one occasion, in a fit of jealousy, he put seven of of affection, and to consider it, on this account, his women to death with his own hand; and as the best through evil and good. Now, the is regularly attended by what he calls his law of the coartado does this; and the neces-marked men-that is, men whom he has forsity of the driving system, which renders tropical labour so repulsive, is done away with as soon as the negro, on the terms of becoming partially free, enters into a contract to make the value of his labour on his own days the measured value of his services on the days that are his master's. We must excite labour by factitious means. Necessity, interest, or ambition, are the incentives to industry. Labour, simply as such, is no where a natural impulse; it is called into activity by real or imaginary wants. To place the negro only where it will spring from necessity alone, and cease with

merly deprived of a nose, an eye, or an arm,
for some disobedience or offence. Ile affects
the utmost plainness and hermit austerity in
his way of living; occupies himself nearly the
whole day in cutting out paper into fantastic
forms with his scissars; and utters such a quan-
tity of frivolous stuff-long obscure parables,
and inapplicable truisms-that it is but rarely
that an occasional visitor can discover any
traces of that profound sagacity, consummate
art, and extraordinary quickness and decision
for which he has so long been celebrated.

"We found him seated on a mat in a little

We entreat, we implore the religious public to rouse themselves to determined action. On We have yet another word of advice; and them, more than on others, rests the awful we have left it for the last, because, practically, responsibility. As they will answer for it at it is the most important. Wave all minor that great day when we must all render our considerations; forget all petty and non-essen-account, we charge it upon them now to do tial differences. The unqualified freedom of the slave is the grand point; let it be conceded that he has the full and immediate enjoyment of right of property-freedom of person-equality of justice-and, above all, unrestrained access to gospel truth; and we have gained the day.

If the delegates, on their arrival in town, bring with them the seeds of discord, they will embarrass instead of supporting the views of government: their prolocutor will be unable MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE ferently, any notions that we may approve,

left you, if not instructed from other sources, to meet the real religion itself, when at length disclosed to you, as a thing of which you had but slight recognition, further than its name, as a wonderful novelty. How little you would have expected, from their literary and ethical glimpses, to find the case to be, that the system so insignificantly and carelessly acknowledged in the course of their fine sentiments, is the actual and sole economy by the provisions of which their happiness can be secured, by the laws of which they will be judged, which has declared the relations of man with his Creator, and specified the exclusive ground of acceptance; which is, therefore, of infinite consequence to you, and to them, and to all their readers, as fixing the entire theory of the condition and destinies of man, on the final principles to which all theories and sentiments are solemnly required to be "brought into obedience."

Now, if the fine spirits, who have thus pre- | have doomed their infants to destruction served an ample, rich, diversified, crowded without compunction, should now glory province of our literature clear of evangelical in their preservation, and doat on them intrusion, are really the chief instructors of with fondness!" persons of taste, and form, from early life, their habits of feeling and thought, the natural result must be a state of mind very uncongenial with the gospel. Views habitually presented to the mind in its most susceptible periods, and during the prolonged course of its improvements, in the varied forms and lights of sublimity and beauty, with every fascination of the taste, ingenuity, and eloquence, which it has admired still more each year, as its faculties have expanded, will have become the settled order of its ideas. And it will feel the same complacency in this intellectual or der that we feel, as inhabitants of the material world, in the great arrangement of nature, in the green-blooming earth, and the splendid hemisphere of heaven.

THE above cut represents a scene which occurred during the benevolent attempts of Colonel Walker to abolish the horrid practice of infanticide in India, and is interesting as marking the first successes which have crowned their exertions. In a communication to the Governor of Bombay, in 1809, Colonel Walker says:"During the recent expedition into Kattywar, I was not unmindful of inquiring into the success of the humane arrangements introduced under the influence of the Honourable Company's Government, for the abolishment of female infanticide among the Jahreja Rajpoots; and I am

To such of our readers as may not be aware of the nature and former extent of this practice, the following statements will be interesting.-Infanticide appears principally to exist at the present period in India and China. Of its prevalence in China a missionary writes: "A man came to me for medicine, with whom I conversed awhile privately. I asked him how long he had left China, and whether he ever thought upon his family there. He said he frequently thought on them, and intended next year to return and visit them, for he had three sons, and one daughter who was married. I had another daughter,' he added, but I did not bring her up.'Not bring her up,' said I; 'what, then, did you do with her?' I smothered her,' said he. This year also, I heard by letter that another daughter was born; I sent word to have that smothered also, but the mother has preserved her alive.' I was shocked at this speech, and still more at the indifference with which he uttered it. What!' said I, 'murder your own children! Do you not shudder at such an act?' 'Oh, no!' said he, it is a very common thing in China; we put the female children out of the way to save the trouble of bringing them up some people have smothered five or six daughters! My horror was increased by this continued indifference, and the lightness with which such crimes. are perpetrated in China with impunity."

"The people in some parts of India," says the late Rev. W. Ward, "particularly the inhabitants of Orissa, and of the eastern parts of Bengal, frequently offer their children to the goddess Gunga. The following reason is assigned for this practice :-When a woman has been long married, and has no children, it is common for the man, or his wife, or both of them, to make a vow to the goddess Gunga, that, if she will bestow the blessing of children upon them, they will devote the first-born to her. If after this vow they have children, the eldest is nourished till a proper age, which may be three, four, or more years, according to circumstances, when, on a particular day appointed for bathing in any holy part of the river, they take the child with them, and offer it to this goddess: the child is encouraged to go farther and farther into the water till it is carried away by the stream, or is pushed off by its inhuman parents. Sometimes a stranger seizes the child, and brings it up; but it is abandoned by its parents from the moment it floats in the water, and, if no one be found more humane than they, it infallibly perishes!"

tory. Gradually he became more warm and replied Bradshaw, with the spirit of an ancient
animated; at last he assumed all the vehe- Roman, "we have heard what you did at the
mence of passion, and indulged in personal house this morning, and before many hours all
vituperation. He charged the members with England will know it. But, sir, you are mis-
self-seeking and profaneness, with the frequent taken to think that the parliament is dissolved.
denial of justice, and numerous acts of oppres- No power under heaven can dissolve them but
sion; with idolizing the lawyers, the constant themselves; therefore, take you notice of that."
advocates of tyranny; with neglecting the men After this protest, they withdrew. Thus, by
who had bled for them in the field, that they the parricidal hands of its own children, pe-
might gain the Presbyterians, who had aposta- rished the Long Parliament, which, under a
tized from the cause; and with doing all this variety of forms, had, for more than twelve
in order to perpetuate their own power, and to years, defended and invaded the liberties of
replenish their own purses. But their time the nation. It fell without a struggle or a
was come; the Lord had disowned them; he groan, unpitied and unregretted. The mem-
had chosen more worthy instruments to per- bers slunk away to their homes, where they
form his work. Here the orator was inter- sought by submission to purchase the forbear-
rupted by Sir Peter Wentworth, who declared ance of their new master; and their partisans,
that he had never heard language so unpar-if partisans they had, reserved themselves in
liamentary; language, too, the more offensive, silence for a day of retribution, which came
because it was addressed to them by their own not before Cromwell slept in his grave. The
servant, whom they had too fondly cherished, royalists congratulated each other on an event
and whom, by their unprecedented bounty, which they deemed a preparatory step to the
they had made what he was. At these words restoration of the king; the army and navy,
Cromwell put on his hat, and, springing from in numerous addresses, declared that they
his place, exclaimed, "Come, come, sir, I will would live and die, stand and fall, with the
put an end to your prating." For a few se-lord-general; and, in every part of the coun-
conds, apparently in the most violent agitation,
he paced forward and backward, and then,
stamping on the floor, added, "You are no
parliament; I say you are no parliament; bring
them in, bring them in." Instantly the door
opened, and Colonel Worsley entered, followed It would, however, be unjust to the memory
by more than twenty musketeers. "This," of those who exercised the supreme power
cried Sir Henry Vane, "is not honest. It is after the death of the king, not to acknow-
against morality and common honesty." "Sir ledge that there existed among them men
Henry Vane," replied Cromwell, Oh, Sir capable of wielding with energy the destinies
Henry Vane! The Lord deliver me from Sir of a great empire. They governed only four
Henry Vane! He might have prevented this. years; yet, under their auspices, the conquests
But he is a juggler, and has not common of Ireland and Scotland were achieved, and a
honesty himself!" From Vane he directed navy was created, the rival of that of Holland,
his discourse to Whitelock, on whom he and the terror of the rest of Europe. But
poured a torrent of abuse; then, pointing to there existed an essential error in their form
Chaloner, "There," he cried, "sits a drunk- of government. Deliberative assemblies are
ard;" next, to Martin and Wentworth, "There always slow in their proceedings; yet the
are two whoremasters;" and afterwards, select-pleasure of parliament, as the supreme power,
ing different members in succession, described
them as dishonest and corrupt livers, a shame
and scandal to the profession of the gospel.
Suddenly, however, checking himself, he
turned to the guard, and ordered them to clear
the house. At these words, Colonel Harrison

took the speaker by the hand, and led him from the chair; Algernon Sidney was next compelled to quit his seat; and the other members, eighty in number, on the approach of the military, rose and moved towards the door. Cromwell now resumed his discourse. "It is you," he exclaimed, “that have forced me to do this. I have sought the Lord both day and night, that he would rather slay me than put me on the doing of this work." Alderman Allan took advantage of these words to observe that it was not yet too late to undo what had been done; but Cromwell instantly charged him with peculation, and gave him into custody. When all were gone, fixing his eye on the mace, "What," said he, "shall we do with this fool's bauble? Here, carry it away." Then, taking the act of dissolution from the clerk, he ordered the doors to be locked, and, accompanied by the military, re

turned to Whitehall.

That afternoon the members of the council assembled in their usual place of meeting. Bradshaw had had just taken the chair, when the lord-general entered, and told them that, if they were there as private individuals, they were welcome; but if as the council of state, solved, and with it also the council. "Sir," they must know that the parliament was dis

try, the congregations of the saints magnified
the arm of the Lord, which had broken the
mighty, that, in lieu of the sway of mortal
men, the fifth monarchy, the reign of Christ,
might be established on earth.

was to be taken on every subject connected
with the foreign relations, or the internal ad-
ministration, of the country; and hence it
happened that, among the immense variety of
questions which came before it, those com-
manded immediate attention which were

deemed of immediate necessity; while the
others, though often of the highest importance
to the national welfare, were first postponed,
then neglected, and ultimately forgotten. To
this habit of procrastination was perhaps owing
the extinction of its authority. It disappointed
the hopes of the country, and supplied Crom-
well with the most plausible arguments in
defence of his conduct.

CHINA.

Up to a very recent period, but very little has been known of this curious and interesting people, owing to the very jealous policy adopted by their government; and even now we are only beginning to become acquainted with those features of their character and condition which distinguish them so widely from the rest of the world. They are, therefore, the objects of particular curiosity, and any information respecting them is received with avidity.

Owing to the kindness of a gentleman who has long been a warm and valuable whose interest in this publication calls for friend to the anti-slavery cause, and

our warmest acknowledgments, we are enabled to lay before our readers some highly interesting particulars on this subject. They are from the pen of the learned and excellent Dr. Morrison. In our present number we shall only insert an address to Christian churches every where, detailing the progress of Christianity in China; our next will contain some intelligence of a more novel description.

Canton, China, Sept. 4th, 1832. To the churches of Christ in Europe, America, and elsewhere, the following statement is respectfully presented.

since the first Protestant missionary arrived in Twenty-five years have this day clapsed China, alone, and in the midst of perfect strangers, with but few friends, and with many foes. Divine Providence, however, prepared a quiet residence for him; and, by the help of God, he has continued to the present time, and can now rejoice in what God has wrought. The Chinese language was at first thought an insurmountable difficulty. That difficulty has been overcome. The language has been ac quired, and various facilities provided for its further acquisition. Dictionaries, grammars, vocabularies, and translations, have been increased, both at home and abroad, both for penned and printed. Chinese scholars have secular and religious purposes. It is not likely that Chinese will ever again be abandoned. The Holy Scriptures in Chinese, by Morrison and Milne, together with religious tracts, Prayer-books, &c., have been published; and now, thanks be to God, missionaries from other nations have come to aid in their distribution and explanation. The London Missionary College, Malacca, and Mr. Medhurst's on Java, Society's Chinese press, at the Anglochinese

have sent forth millions of pages, containing the truths of the everlasting gospel; and that Institution has given a Christian education to Chinese, who preach Christ's Gospel, and scores of native youths. There are also native teach from house to house. Such is a general outline of the progress of the mission. We boast not of great doings, yet are devoutly thankful to God that the work has not ceased,

but, amidst many deaths and disasters, has still gathered strength from year to year.

The establishment of English presses in China, both for the diffusion of general knowledge, and for religious purposes, arose out of the Protestant mission. The Hon. East India tionary, was the first; and now both English Company's press, to print Dr. Morrison's Dicand Americans endeavour, by the press, to draw attention to China, and give information concerning it and the surrounding nations. The Indo-chinese Gleaner, at Malacca, the Canton Newspapers, and the Chinese Repository, have all risen up since our mission commenced. Missionary voyages have been performed, and the Chinese sought out, at various places, under European control, in the Archipelago; as well as in Siam, at the Loochoo itself, up to the very walls of Peking. Some island, at Corea, and along the coast of China tracts, written by Protestant missionaries, have reached and been read by the emperor himself. Still this is but the day of small things.

The harvest is indeed great, but the labourers
are few. Preachers, and teachers, and writers,
and printers, in much larger numbers, are
language nations.
wanted, to spread the knowledge of God and
our Saviour Jesus Christ, among the Chinese-