LESSON XLIX.

CIRCUMLOCUTION.

WHAT is circumlocution?

Circumlocution is the use of two or more words to express the meaning of one; thus, for mankind we may say the race of men, the human race.

EXERCISE.

Express the following single words, and such words in the sentences as are in italics, by a circumlocution:

MODEL. A sailor.

The moon is shining.

By circumlocution. One who spends his life upon the

ocean.

The moon is shedding her light around.

1. Death. Heaven. Astronomy. A king. Youth. Benevolence.

A city. Agriculture. The sun. A guardian. Geography. Women. Dishonesty. Industry. Autumn. Children. Night. A pronoun.

2. My brother is dead.

3. The poor are often happier than the rich.

4. Beware of avarice.

5. Virtue is a source of happiness.

6. The sky is cloudy.

7. Suicide is a great crime.

8. The sea is rough.

9. He is insensible.

10. Your cousin was working.

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LESSON L.

ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.

WHAT is a simple sentence?

A simple sentence is one that contains but one subject, and one predicate; as, "Friendship adds to our joys."

What is a compound sentence?

A compound sentence is one that is composed of two or more simple sentences; as, "Friendship adds to our joys, and diminishes our sorrows.'

What is meant by analyzing compound sentences?

Separating them into the simple sentences of which they are composed.

Analyze the compound sentence given above.

Friendship adds to our joys.

ishes our sorrows.

Friendship dimin

What word was used in the compound sentence to connect the two simple sentences?

The conjunction and.

Is any other part of speech, besides the conjunction, used for this purpose?

Yes; the relative pronoun is often used; as, "Modesty, which is one of the most attractive virtues, is a great preservative against vice."

Analyze the compound sentence just given.

Modesty is one of the most attractive virtues. Modesty is a great preservative against vice.

In analyzing a compound sentence, what must we do? We must remove the connecting word, if there be any, and repeat, in each simple sentence, such words as may be necessary to complete the sense.

EXERCISE.

Analyze the following compound sentences:

EXAMPLE. Mahomet, the founder of the Mahometan religion, did not hesitate to work with his own hands; he kindled his own fire, swept his room, made his bed, milked his ewes and camels, mended his stockings, and scoured his sword.

Simple Sentences. Mahomet was the founder of the Mahometan religion.

Mahomet did not hesitate to work with his own hands. Mahomet kindled his own fire.

Mahomet swept his room.

Mahomet made his bed.

Mahomet milked his ewes and camels.

Mahomet mended his stockings.

Mahomet scoured his sword.

1. Aristarchus of Samos, who was a little wiser than his cotemporaries, was the first to assert that the earth moved.

2. Whereupon he was accused, before the court of Areopagus, of violating morality, and introducing innovations in religion.

3. Aristotle, one of the most sensible of the ancient philosophers, thought that the earth was shaped like a timbrel.

4. Without books, justice is dormant, philosophy lame, letters dumb, and all things are involved in darkness. 5. Esop and Terence, those admirable writers, were slaves.

6. The sun shines by day, and the moon by night.

7. Modern times, with all their boasted progress, have

never produced as strong a man as Samson, as meek a man as Moses, or as wise a man as Solomon.

8. A simpleton fancied, in a dream, that he had trodden on a nail, and, on waking, bound up his foot.

9. Another simpleton, learning the cause, said: "I do not pity you, for why do you sleep without sandals ?" 10. Cæsar crossed the Rubicon, overran Italy, entered Rome, and seized upon the public treasury.

LESSON LI.

SYNTHESIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES.

WHAT is the opposite of analysis?

Synthesis.

What is meant by the synthesis of simple sentences? The union of two or more simple sentences in such a way as to form one compound sentence.

In such a union, what changes are necessary?

The words that are repeated in the simple sentences must be omitted, and the proper connective (a conjunction or a relative pronoun) inserted.

EXERCISE.

Unite the simple sentences given in each paragraph below, into one compound sentence.

EXAMPLE. The White Sea is so called on account of its color. The White Sea is constantly frozen over. The White Sea is covered with snow.

Compound Sentence. The White Sea is so called on account of its color, as it is constantly frozen over, and covered with snow.

1. I love to contemplate the wonders of the earth. I love to reflect on the glory of the Creator.

2. Beware of avarice. Avarice is incompatible with reason. Avarice has ruined the souls of myriads.

3. Let your pleasure be moderate. Let your pleasure be seasonable. Let your pleasure be innocent. Let your pleasure be becoming.

4. Without modesty beauty is ungraceful. Without modesty learning is unattractive. Without modesty wit is disgusting.

5. Wealth is much sought after. Wealth brings with it many troubles.

6. In Spitzbergen there is a long day of six months. In Spitzbergen there is a long night of six months.

7. Charlemagne was the most powerful monarch of his age. Charlemagne added much to his glory by inviting learned men to his court. Charlemagne added much to his glory by inviting scientific men to his court.

8. Black pepper is produced in Java. Black pepper is produced in Sumatra. Black pepper grows upon a vine. The vine resembles our grape-vine.

9. Plato was told that some enemies had spoken ill of him. Plato said, "It matters not." Plato said, "I will endeavor so to live that no one shall believe them."

10. Xerxes resolved to invade Greece. Xerxes raised an army. The army consisted of two millions of men. This was the greatest force that was ever brought into the field.

11. The hills are covered with a carpet of green. The meadows are covered with a carpet of green.

12. Life is short. Life is unsatisfactory. Life is uncertain