composed of a hundred double pulleys, might move th earth itself.

16. Whatever man has done, man may again do.

17. Perseverance will overcome every obstacle.

18. The greatest minds have admired Milton's "Paradise Lost."

19. During the tenth and eleventh centuries, the monarchs of Europe persecuted the Jews with unrelenting cruelty.

20. The bayonet is so called from the inhabitants of Bayonne, who invented it.

LESSON XLVI.

VARIETY OF EXPRESSION.

Is there any other method of obtaining variety of expression besides the one described in the last lesson ?

There is.

To what sentences does it apply?

To sentences in which there are two or more verbs, or two or more clauses, connected by the conjunction and; as, "Charles took me aside, and thus addressed me."

How may the construction of such sentences be altered?

By changing one of the verbs (usually the first) into a participle, and leaving out the conjunction and; as, "Charles, having taken me aside, thus addressed me."

EXERCISE.

Alter the following sentences in the manner de

scribed above; the verb that is to be changed to a participle, is printed in italics :

EXAMPLE. The wind was fair, and we started on our

voyage,

The enemy landed, and made instant preparation for a march to the capital.

Altered. The wind being fair, we started on our voyage. The enemy, having landed, made instant preparation for a march to the capital.

1. The door was opened, and a terrible spectacle presented itself to my eyes.

2. Columbus was convinced that the world was round, and resolved to test his theory by experiment.

3. The battle was finished, and the enemy fell back to the river.

4. Hendrik Hudson ascended the river which now bears his name, and founded the city of Albany.

5. The soil of England is cultivated with great care, and the harvests are usually abundant.

6. Youth is the season of improvement; do not lose one of its precious moments.

7. The trumpet sounded, and the combatants charged. 8. My horse threw me and ran away, and I was obliged to pursue the rest of my journey on foot.

9. The Romans had conquered all their enemies, and were, at the time of our Saviour's appearance, masters of the world.

10. The door of the cage was left open,

bird escaped.

and my favorite

11. Hyenas are often driven to extremity by hunger, and enter church-yards, and dig up the bodies of the dead, and feed upon them.

12. His faithful page saw the deadly shaft, and rushed before his master, and received it in his own body.

13. Man rebelled against his Maker, and sin at once entered the world.

14. Napoleon was safely disposed of in St. Helena, and ended, on that little island, his tumultuous life.

15. Mungo Park was filled with the spirit of discovery, and, at the risk of his life, penetrated the inhospitable regions of Africa.

16. The hardy adventurers threw themselves on the ground, and gave thanks to God for the successful issue of their enterprise.

LESSON XLVII.

SYNONYMES.

WHEN is one word said to be the synonyme of another? A word is said to be the synonyme of another word, when it means nearly the same thing.

Give an example.

Enough and sufficient are synonymes, because they mean nearly the same thing.

Do synonymes convey precisely the same idea?

Not often; but they mean nearly the same thing.

If you wish to find the synonyme of a word, what book will assist you?

The dictionary.

May a word have more than one synonyme?
Yes; some words have a number of

synonymes; thus, reflect, reckon, deem, suppose, ponder, consider, conclude, judge, are all synonymes of the word think.

Do you mean that, wherever think is used, either of these words may be substituted for it without altering the meaning? No; but sometimes they might be substituted for it, without any change in the meaning.

EXERCISE.

Write out the synonymes of the following words; the more you can find, the better your exercise will be. When you are in any difficulty, have recourse to your dictionary.

WRITE out and punctuate the following sentences, substituting for each word in italics, its synonyme, so that the meaning of the sentence will not be altered.

MODEL. I am monarch of all I survey.

I am lord of all I behold.

1. In Egypt the Nile annually overflows the country and thereby renders it fertile

2. In many of the West India islands the earth is so productive and requires so little cultivation that plants may be said to grow spontaneously

3. It is reported of the Emperor Titus that when any one spoke ill of him he was wont to say that if the statements were false they would not injure him and that if they were true he had more reason to be angry with himself than with the narrator

4. King James of England on one occasion went out of his way to hear a noted preacher The clergyman seeing the king enter departed from the train of his discourse and forcibly portrayed the sin of profane swearing for which James was notorious When he had concluded the monarch thanked him for his sermon but asked what connection there was between swearing and his text The minister immediately answered Since your majesty deigned to come out of your way to meet me I could hardly do less than go out of my way to meet you

5. The enemies' horsemen were coming up at a rapid pace and I was obliged to abandon my comrade to his fate

6. Indolence is the cause of many evils

7. Wealth is desired by all but it is accompanied by many troubles

8. Augurelli a celebrated Italian gave much of his attention to alchemy He was convinced that any metal could be converted into gold only one thing bothered him and that was to find out the way Having composed a book on this subject he dedicated it to Pope Leo X. anticipating a rich present in return He was quite surprised shortly afterwards to receive from his Holiness a purse and a letter informing him that as he could make gold he needed only a purse to put it in