LESSON XXXIII.

A REVIEW.

FOR What is the dash used? For what are parentheses and brackets used? For what is the apostrophe used? quotation marks? the hyphen? the caret ?

Repeat the ten rules for the use of capital letters.

EXERCISE.

Copy the following extracts, inserting, as may be required, capitals, punctuation-points, and the other marks used in writing:

LIARS. aristides among the athenians and epaminondas among the thebans are said to have been such lovers of truth that they never told a lie even in joke. atticus likewise with whom cicero was very intimate neither told a lie himself nor could bear it in others. i hate that man achilles used to say as much as i do the gates of pluto who says one thing and thinks another. Aristotle bears his testimony as follows liars are not believed even when they speak the truth. Sincerity is one of the most important virtues that man can possess.

2. THE AFFECTIONATE DOLPHIN. during the reign of the emperor augustus a dolphin formed an attachment to the son of a poor man who used to feed him with bits of bread. every day the dolphin when called by the boy swam to the surface of the water and after having received his usual meal carried the boy on his back from baiæ to a school in puteoli and brought him back in the same manner. The boy after a time died and the dolphin coming to the usual place and missing his kind master is said also to have died of grief.

LESSON XXXIV.

PRIMITIVE, COMPOUND, AND DERIVATIVE WORDS. ANALYSIS. ACCENT.

WHAT is a word?

A word is what is written or spoken as the sign of an idea.

Into how many classes may we divide words, when considered with regard to their origin?

Into three classes; primitive, compound, and derivative.

What is a primitive word?

A primitive word is one that is not formed from any simpler word; as, watch, man.

What is a compound word?

A compound word is one that is formed by uniting two or more primitives; as, watchman.

What is a derivative word?

A derivative word is one that is formed from one primitive; as, watches, manly.

How are derivatives formed from primitives?

By the addition of one or more letters; which, if placed before the primitive, are called prefixes; if after it, suffixes. Thus; act is a primitive; transact is a derivative, formed by the addition of the prefix trans; acted is a derivative, formed by the addition of the suffix ed.

What is meant by analyzing a word?
Separating it into parts.

Analyze the word walking.

Walking is a derivative, formed from the primetive, walk, and the suffix, ing.

Analyze the word man-hater.

Man-hater is a compound word, formed from the two primitives, man, and hater.

Analyze blindly, review, glass-house, moreover, bird-cage, repress. What mark is generally used to connect the primitives that unite to form a compound word?

The hyphen.

What is meant by Accent?

By Accent is meant stress of the voice: thus, in colder, the first syllable, cold, receives the stress of the voice, and therefore we say that the accent is on cold.

On how many syllables in a word may accent be laid?

In short words, on one syllable only; as, raven, begin, deny: in long words, on two, and even three syllables; as, agriculture, Constantinople, Incomprehensibility. In the examples just given, the accented syllables are printed in italics.

In scholar, what syllable is accented? in dethrone? in misery? in civilize? in inhabitant? in philosophy?

EXERCISE.

Primitive words. Night, day, school, book, store, fruit, fire, man, boat, sun, flower, garden, ice, glass, green, house.

1. Form and write out ten compound words, by uniting two of the above primitives. You are not at liberty to unite any two, but only such as form a compound word that makes good sense, or that you may have seen or heard used. Thus, night-book would not do; but nightschool would convey a definite idea, and would be proper.

2. Form and write out ten derivative words from the

primitives given above, by adding to them the suffix, s, ly, or ing; as, nights, daily, schooling.

3. Write out six words accented on the first syllable; as, writing, sunny.

4. Write out six words accented on the second syllable; as, affirm, destroy.

5. Write out six words accented on the third syllable; as, elevation, Alabama.

LESSON XXXV.

SPELLING.-RULES.

WHAT is spelling?

Spelling is the art of expressing words by their proper letters.

Are words spelled as we would expect to find them, from their pronunciation ?

Sometimes they are, but not always.

What is the best method of becoming a good speller?
A person may become a good speller,

I. By carefully observing the words with which he meets, while reading.

II. When he is writing, by looking out in a dictionary, all the words respecting which he has any doubt.

Does the dictionary contain every word that you may have occasion to use?

Not every word; there are some derivatives which it does not contain.

How, then, are you to know how to spell these derivatives? There are certain rules which direct us as to thei formation.

What is the need of these rules? If we can spell the primi tive and the prefix or suffix, may we not simply join them together and spell the derivative?

In some cases we may; but, often, a change is made in a primitive before a suffix is added. Thus in forming having from have, the e of the primitive have is rejected, before the suffix ing is added. The rules cover such cases as this.

When no rule applies, how do you form a derivative? Regularly; that is, without making any change before adding the prefix or suffix.

How many important rules are there?

Four.

When is a letter said to be final?

When it is the last letter in a word; thus, in have there is an e final.

Mention four words that have final vowels; four that have final consonants.

Repeat the rule that relates to final e.

Rule I. The final e of a primitive word is rejected before a suffix beginning with a vowel; as, hate, hating the final e of hate is rejected before the suffix ing, which begins with a vowel.

Form and spell the derivatives that are obtained by adding the suffix ing to the primitives, rave, shave, hope, smoke.

Repeat the rule that relates to the final consonant of a monosyllable.

Rule II. The final consonant of a monosyllable, if preceded by a single vowel, is doubled before a suffix beginning with a vowel; as, hat, hatter. In this example, the final t of the monosyllable hat is preceded by a single vowel, a, and is doubled before the suffix er.