that now Charles had succeeded his brother Joseph, there was d ger to the balance of power, in the union of Austria and Spain: th the cost of fighting out the quarrel was mainly borne by Englac though the advantage would be to foreign powers. On the other s it was replied, that the supplies raised had not enfeebled the kingdom, though it was evident that the war had greatly exhausted Le resources of our great opponent, Louis of France, and that a litte more perseverance would be sufficient to reduce him to accept our own terms: that in the declining condition of the Spanish monarchy it was more than probable, that a race of Bourbon sovereigns woul frame their policy to meet the views of France, and when occasio required, form a family compact to oppose Great Britain: and that the two, it was much more to the interest of England that Spa should be united to Austria than to France.

6. Attempt to sever the Union between England and Scotland, 1713. The Commons, being pressed for large st plies, continued the malt-tax for another year, and extended it Scotland. A deputation waited on Anne to remonstrate agai it, as a breach of the articles of the Union Bill, for doing wh they were reproved by the queen. Shortly after, the Earl Findlater moved the Lords for leave to bring in a bill to dissolt: the Union on the following grounds: That the Scots were de prived of a privy council; that they were subject to English laws in cases of treason; that their nobles were incapable of being made peers of Great Britain; and that they were to be oppressed the burden of a malt-tax. This led to what has been considere one of the most extraordinary instances of party faction: Halifar Sunderland, and the Whigs generally, the party by whose efforts the Union had only just before been effected, supported the mo tion, which was rejected by the trifling majority of four.

SECTION VII. ANNE'S FIFTH PARLIAMENT. 1714 1. Steele's "Crisis", and his expulsion from the House. 1714. In consequence of the virulence of the two great political parties, the press teemed with political pamphlets and loose sheets At the opening of the session, the queen again reverting to the subject said, "I wish that effectual care had been taken, as I have often desired, to suppress those seditious papers and factious ra mours, by which designing men have been able to sink credit, and the innocent have suffered". Steele, a little before, had published a pamphlet entitled "The Crisis", in defence of the Revolution and the Protestant Establishment, for the purpose of alarming the public mind with reference to the danger that threatened the Pro testant Succession. In reply to Steele, Swift sent out one of his bitterest productions, called "The Public Spirit of the Whigs", which beside other matter of annoyance, scurrilously abused the the entire Scotch nation. The peers of that nation demanded

tisfaction, and Anne felt compelled to offer £300 for the disvery of the author; but the "false and scandalous libel" was onymous, and though Swift was known to be the writer, it uld not be brought home to him. The Tories now resolved to ite their opponents, and to punish the writer of the "Tatler”, the ground of his having insinuated that the Hanoverian sucssion was endangered under Queen Anne and her majesty's esent ministers. Steele, prompted by his friend Joseph Addison, ho sat by his side, ably defended himself for three hours; Walole and others spoke forcibly in his favor; he was nevertheless oted guilty of a scandalous libel, and expelled from the House. 2. The Schism Act, 1714. Bolingbroke, a professed uneliever, in conjunction, it is said, with Atterbury, devised this tolerant bill, for preventing the growth of schism, and for the urther security of the Church of England. It provided that in Great Britain no person should be allowed to teach in a school or amily, unless he had previously subscribed the declaration to conorm to the Church of England, and obtained a license from the ishop of the diocese, and had also subscribed the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. Any person acting contrary to this staute, to be committed to prison without bail. Many members in both Houses made a firm stand against this measure, but the majorities were on the other side. They were however so far successful, as to obtain some modification of the original bill. Dissenters might employ dames of their own persuasion to teach their children to read; offenders were not to be punished by summary process, and they might make an appeal to the higher courts; and a clause was added permitting any tutor to be employed in the family of a nobleman. The act was to come into operation on the 1st of August, on which day the queen died; the succeeding government suspended its execution, and in 1718, Lord Stanhope procured its repeal. Lord John Russel speaking of this measure, says, "This bill may serve to show the principles, the views, and the intentions of the Tory party, and thereby give a notion of what might have been expected from them, had they succeeded in keeping the government in their own hands during the succeeding reign".

3. Efforts of the Whigs to secure the Succession, 1714. This commenced in the Lords, where the peril, arising from the Pretender's continuing in Lorraine, was so succesfully urged by Somers, Cowper, Halifax, and others, that an address was carried, praying for an account of what the government had done to procure his removal. Lord Wharton next moved that the Protestant Succession was in danger under the present ministry; after a hot debate the motion was lost by a majority of twelve. The Whigs

in the Commons gathered strength, being joined by the clas known as Hanoverian Tories, and carried a resolution that the queen should be desired to renew her efforts for the removal of the Pretender from Lorraine. As advised by the Whig leaders Baron Schutz the Hanoverian envoy, demanded a writ of sunmons for George the Electoral Prince, that he might come over and take his seat in the House of Lords, which he had a right to do, seeing that he had been created a British peer, with the title of the Duke of Cambridge. The writ was not refused, but in delivery was evaded, for the queen and her ministers had little desire to see the Prince in England. Every party was now excitement, the Jacobites in full confidence of the Pretender's success, the ministry, in part, of the same mind, and the Whics and supporters of the Protestant succession in no small anxiet The cabinet was full of dissension, and the Duke of Berwic with the Abbé Gaultier, scheming with Oxford for the introdu tion of the Pretender privately to the queen. Attempts being made to enlist men in London and Westminster for the Pre tender's service, the Houses issued a proclamation offering reward of £5000, to any person or persons apprehending Pretender, in case he should attempt to land. A bill also passed making it high treason to enlist or be enlisted in the Pretender's service.

4. Oxford dismissed and Shrewsbury appointed Lord treasurer, 1714. In the cabinet there had been for some time a rivalry between Harley and St. John, the advantage being with the latter as soon as the Jacobites found that the Treasurer had doubts respecting the Pretender's scheme. Harley's fall cam from the hands of his patron, the woman through whom he had obtained his honors. He had ventured to disappoint Lady Mashan of some money, a quarrel ensued in the presence of her majesty, upon which the queen ordered the Earl to deliver up his white staff This was on the 27th of July, from which date Bolingbroke was master of the position, and at once employed his power to surround himself with Jacobite subordinates. The Treasury was put i commission with Wyndham at its head. Three days after the dismissal of Oxford, the queen was struck with death. This crisis, coming before Bolingbroke's plans were matured, discon certed the Jacobite faction. The council met at Kensington, and Bolingbroke's part was still further perplexed by the arrival of the Dukes of Argyle and Somerset, who though not summoned had nevertheless come to offer assistance, because of the queen's danger. The two Dukes urged that the office of lord-treasurer should be at once filled, and that the Duke of Shrewsbury, who had returned to his Whig principles, should be recommended to

her majesty. Bolingbroke and his friends, stupified by the rapid course of events so adverse to their schemes, offered no opposition. Repairing to the chamber of the dying queen, a nod of assent was obtained; and Shrewsbury became now lord-treasurer and prime minister, in addition to his offices as Lord-lieutenant of Ireland and lord chamberlain. In less than forty-eight hours Anne was dead.

5. Measures taken to secure the Protestant Succession, 1714. Shrewsbury on being appointed to office, lost no time in calling a meeting of all the privy council in London and the neighborhood. Effective measures were decided on. Four regiments were ordered up to London, and seven battalions recalled from Dunkirk; an embargo was laid on all the seaports, and a strong fleet ordered to be equipped. A messenger was sent over to Hanover to request the Prince to repair to the coast of Holland, and letters to the States General reminded them that by treaty, Holland had guaranteed the succession of the House of Hanover. Bolingbroke and his party found themselves utterly powerless, indeed George was proclaimed without a Jacobite raising his voice; it is said of Atterbury, bishop of Rochester, that he was the only one of the party in London, who had the courage to propose that they should proclaim the Pretender.

SECTION VIII. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION. 1702-1713.

1. The cause of the War of the Spanish Succession. To avoid repetition, the reader's attention is directed to the Partition Treaties in the latter part of the preceding reign, by which treaties, William hoped in conjunction with Louis, to prevent the possible union of the crowns of France and Spain. In this affair he was duped by that wily monarch, for when Charles II. of Spain died in 1700, it was found that he had, under French influence, willed his entire dominions to Philip Duke of Anjou, the second son of the Dauphin. This led to what is known as the Second Grand Alliance, which had for its object the support of the claims of the Archduke Charles to the throne of Spain, and to preserve the balance of power in Europe. Anne adopted the policy of her predecessor, and dispatched Marlborough to the Hague to declare her intention to maintain the alliances concluded by the late king William. In consideration of the important aid to be expected from England, and the reputation which Marlborough already possessed, the Duke was named, by the heads of the republic and the envoy of the Emperor, commander in chief of the allied armies. War was declared against France and Spain, on the same day, May 4, at London, Vienna, and the Hague.

2. Events in the War of the Spanish Succession.

(1) THE WAR IN 1702. (a) Marlborough captures Venloo, Ruremonde, and Liege. Marlborough when he joined the camp at Nimeguen proposed immediate operations, but the Dutch field deputies objected to his hazarding an engagement. In September, he undertook the siege of Venloo, which place capitulated in about three weeks; Ruremonde and Stevenswaert were next invested and taken. As Alsace was threatened by the king of the Romans, the French were under the necessity of leaving the important city of Liege exposed. Marlborough moved at once on that city, and on the ninth day after opening his batteries, it surrendered. A considerable booty repaid their enterprise, besides putting the Dutch in good heart by securing their frontier, and rendering the navigation of the Meuse altogether free. This campaign secured for the Duke the entire confidence of the Dutch, who at its commencement had not felt fully assured of the ability of the commander in chief to cope with the marshals of France.

(b) The Duke of Ormond fails in an attack on Cadiz. Aug: 15. The scheme of reducing Cadiz, projected by William, was committed to admiral Rooke and the Duke of Ormond. The fleet employed for this purpose, numbered fifty sail of the line, besides smaller vessels, and carried on board fourteen thousand troops. Arrived in Cadiz Bay, the two commanders differed in their plans, and while they were de bating the Spaniards removed their valuables, and prepared to defend the landing places. A part of the troops were landed at Port St. Mary's, but they took to plundering, became drunk, and lost all discipline. The attempt proved a miserable failure.

(c) Rooke captures the Spanish treasure ships in Vigo harbour. Oct. 12. The Spanish galleons under a French convoy were reported to Rooke, then on his voyage home, as having sought refuge in Vigo, Rooke resolved to alter his course and try for better fortune. To secure the place, the Spaniards had taken the precaution to throw across the narrow entrance of the harbour, a boom made up of chains, ships' masts, and cables, moored at each end to a ship of the line, and further strengthened by five ships of the line, lying within the chain, with their broadsides facing the entrance, which was in addition defended with batteries, forts, and breast-works on each side. One of these batteries mounting forty guns, was taken by Ormond, who had landed two thousand men in the rear. No sooner was the English flag seen flying on the fort, than the ships commenced the attack; the boom was forced, and the English fleet entered in face of a terrific fire from the batteries and shipping. When resistance appeared hopeless, the Spaniards removed part of the cargoes from some of the ships, and set them on fire. Eight ships of war and six galleons, with plate and merchandise to the value of fourteen million pieces of eight, were destroyed; ten ships of war, several galleons, and seven million pieces of eight were brought off by Rooke.

(2) THE WAR IN 1703. (a) Marlborough captures Bonn, Huy, and Limberg. Marlborough on his arrival in the Low Countries, found the States General in favor of beginning the campaign with the siege of Bonn. The Duke himself desired to invade French Flanders and Brabant, but submitting to the wishes of the Dutch, he opened the trenches on the 3rd of May, and the place capitulated