of the reign, the patent of the London Company was cancelled, on the ground of mis-management; this change made Virginia a royal province, for which James, at the time of his death, was about to frame a code of fundamental laws.

2. The Pilgrim Fathers found New Plymouth, 1620. Incorporated in the same patent as the London Company, was the Trading Company of the West of England, or the Plymouth Company. Two ships sent out by this Company in 1607, landed forty-five emigrants near the mouth of the Kennebec (Maine); here they passed the winter, but their misfortunes and solitude made them return to England in the next year. In 1614, Smith, one of the leading spirits in the Virginia colony, surveyed the coasts to the northward, and named the district New England. Circumstances afterwards brought him to the old country, when he spent months in the West of England, endeavouring to rouse the spirit of the merchants and gentry to another effort to colonise the North. So successful was Smith, that the Company appointed him admiral of the country for life, and immediately set about procuring a new patent with enlarged powers. This was granted in 1620, incorporating "The Council established at Plymouth, in the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering, and governing New England, in America". By the new patent, the territory, with unlimited jurisdiction, and the sole power of legislation, was conferred on this Company.

In the latter part of Elizabeth's reign, and during that of her successor, many Puritans to avoid the troubles which came upon them, on account of their want of conformity, fled to Holland, where they found a toleration which did not exist in England. Still they were not at ease there, most of them had been engaged in agriculture, and were now obliged to learn some trade, for they saw poverty coming upon them like an armed man". Hearing of the formation of an English settlement in America, they desired to remove to "the most northern part of Virginia, to live in a distinct body by themselves." Two deputies were sent over to England, and obtained in 1619, a patent from the Virginia Company. The youngest and strongest of the English refugees now left Leyden, and embarked in the Speedwell and Mayflower, the former of only sixty tons burthen, and so weak that they were compelled to put back into Plymouth, and dismiss her. In September 1620, the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth with one hundred souls, men, women, and children, and in sixtythree days anchored in the harbour of Cape Cod. Before they landed, an instrument of government was drawn up, and John Carver chosen governor for a year. The coasts were explored, and on the 11th of December a favourable spot was selected, to

which, in memory of the kindness received by the voyagers whilst detained at Plymouth, the name of New Plymouth was given. Bancroft says, "The spot to which Providence had directed the planters, had a few years before, been rendered entirely a desert by a pestilence, which had likewise swept over the neighbouring tribes, and desolated almost the whole sea-board of New England". The colonists endured extraordinary hardships, yet they held their position; it was however several years before the Puritan settlement grew to any magnitude.

3. Introduction of the system of Transportation, 1619. In the reign of Elizabeth a statute was passed for the banishment of dangerous rogues and vagabonds. This was virtually converted by James I. into an act for transportation to America, by a letter in 1619, commanding the treasurer and council of the colony of Virginia, "to send a hundred dissolute persons to Virginia, which the knight-marshal would deliver to them for that purpose". Transportation is however first distinctly mentioned in the statute 18 Charles II. which gives a power to the judges at their discretion either "to execute or transport to America for life, the moss-troopers of Cumberland and Northumberland"

SECTION XIV. FOREIGN RELATIONS DURING THE REIGN OF JAMES.

1. Relations with France. (1.) LEAGUE WITH FRANCE, 1603. The accession of James to the throne of England gave some uneasiness to Henry IV. who had hitherto aided the Dutch, in conjunction with Elizabeth, To prevent the English monarch uniting himself with the Spanish interest, the celebrated Rosny, afterwards Duke of Sully, was despatched to London, where by his elegance of manners and the distribution of sixty thousand crowns among the courtiers, he obtained James's signature to a treaty. This was drawn up by Rosny himself, and provided that the kings of France and England should secretly aid the States with men and money, and that should Philip attack France for so doing, England should join France in open hostilities against that monarch.

(2.) ENGLISH FORCES AID IN DRIVING THE AUSTRIANS OUT OF JULIERS, 1611. In 1609, John, Duke of Cleves, Juliers, and Berg died childless, and the Emperor seized Juliers, laying claim to the whole territory. But the Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony, and the Duke of Newburg, each advanced claims which they held to be superior. For the security of the Reformed faith, the Protestant princes of Germany and the States of Holland joined in a league, called the Evangelic Union, with the kings of

France and England, to support the cause of the Protestant Elector of Brandenburg, and to expel the Austrians out of Juliers. The king of France, who had formed a design to humble the power of Austria, instead of sending eleven thousand men as his contingent, ordered an army of thirty thousand to march on Juliers, and was about to join the army in person, when he was assassinated by Francis Ravaillac, a friar of the order of Jacobins. The crown of France fell to his son Louis XIII. during whose minority, the government was in the hands of his mother, Mary de Medici. She, in this matter, pursued the policy of her late husband, and sent ten thousand men, who with the four thousand English under Sir Edward Cecil, joined themselves to the Dutch and German allies. Juliers was presently taken, and the territory put into the hands of the Elector. The war now died away, for the Emperor was unable to continue the contest, and James and the regent of France were both anxious for peace.

2. Relations with Spain. (1.) TREATY OF PEACE, 1604 In 1604, a treaty of peace and commerce was concluded with Philip III. by which James bound himself not to give further aid to the Hollanders or other enemies of the king of Spain; and further, the English king was to endeavour to procure a peace between them, and the restoration of the cautionary towns. On the part of Philip, liberty was granted to English merchants to carry goods in English ships, from Germany to Spain. This treaty gave umbrage to the Dutch, who regarded themselves as abandoned by the English. Subsequently this feeling ripened into a deadly hate, which resulted in the massacre of Amboyna, and the first Dutch War in 1652.

(2.) THE MEDIATION OF JAMES PROCURES A TWELVE YEARS' TRUCE BETWEEN SPAIN AND HOLLAND, 1609. Ever since 1579 hostilities had been carried on between Spain and the revolted Dutch States. Philip had more than one reason for bringing this long contest to a close. His arms were successful only in a limited degree, his resources were low, and he had a fear lest the Dutch should throw themselves into the hands of France. Negotiations for peace were opened, and James, with Henry of France, sent envoys to mediate between the adverse powers. After two years spent in negotiations at the Hague, a truce of twelve years was agreed to between Spain and the States. This was virtually an acknowledgment of their independence, for it secured their entire independence during a long truce, with liberty to trade to the Indies, and the closing of the Scheldt. James moreover obtained an acknowledgement of a debt due from the Dutch of more than £800,000, which was to be discharged by fifteen annual instalments. In the meantime England was to retain the

cautionary towns. During the forty years of hostility between the Dutch and Spaniards, numbers of seamen, both English and Dutch, supported themselves by preying on Spanish shipping. This long truce put an end to their vocation in the narrow seas, but many of them disliking to change their mode of life, went to the West Indies and joined the Buccaneers, while others withdrew to the Barbary States, and joining with the piratical Algerines, extended their ravages to the English seas. These depredations in the reign of Charles I. furnished the occasion for the levy of ship-money in 1634.

(3.) PRINCE CHARLES AND BUCKINGHAM VISIT MADRID, 1623. Before the death of Prince Henry, James had been engaged in endeavours to bring about a marriage between that Prince and Christine of France, and when Henry died, he sought her hand for his next son Charles. But she was given to Philip of Spain, and as a bait to draw off James from his connexion with the French court, the Spanish ambassador offered to Prince Charles, the Infanta Donna Maria. The great difficulty was the difference of religion. To remove this the Princess was promised the free exercise of the Catholic worship in England, and James further pledged himself to grant the Catholic recusants every indulgence in his power. By way of forwarding the negotiation, Gage, a Catholic nobleman was despatched with letters to the Pope, and orders given to release Catholic recusants from confinement, to the number of four thousand. Everything appeared tending to a favorable issue, a dower of two millions of ducats was fixed for the Princess, and the marriage appointed to take place within forty days after the receipt of the dispensation. Impatient at the long delays, Charles and Buckingham resolved to proceed to Madrid, in utter disregard of the strong objections made by the king. The two knight-errants, under the names of John and Thomas Smith, with three attendants, passed through France, and arrived most unexpectedly at Lord Bristol's house in Madrid.

The Spanish court paid all honor to the Prince Charles, and gratified him with bull-fights, feasts, processions, and tournaments. Time rolled on, but the marriage sped not. Charles wrote himself to the pontiff, promising to abstain from every act of hostility to the Catholic religion, and to seek every opportunity of effecting a re-union between the two churches. Long negoti ations followed, in which Olivarez, the Spanish minister, outmatched Charles and his companion, obtaining from them further stipulations in two treaties, one public, the other private, both guaranteeing additional favors to the Catholics. About six months had now passed without the arrival of the dispensation,

and Buckingham was anxious to return. Laud had kept Buckingham informed of the cabals against him at home, and it was becoming dangerous for him to stay in Spain, for his insolence and licentiousness had incensed, not only Olivarez, but the whole Spanish court. The death of the pope supplied a reasonable pretext, and Charles, declaring that the weak state of his father's health absolutely prevented his remaining, returned to England by sea. Within a fortnight the dispensation arrived at Madrid, and a day was appointed for the marriage, but Bristol had already received instructions not to deliver the proxy, and to inform Philip, that James his master, would proceed to the marriage, when his brother of Spain had pledged himself to take up arms in defence of the Palatinate. This affair was disgraceful alike to the king, his son, and his minister, and led in the next year to a declaration of war against the country whose monarch we had so shamefully insulted.

3. Relations with Germany. The part taken by England along with France against Austria, in the matter of Juliers, in 1611, has been already related.

(1.) MARRIAGE OF THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH WITH THE ELECTOR PALATINE, 1613. Of the three suitors for the hand of Elizabeth, James, influenced by the public feeling of England, gave the preference to Frederic the Elector. The count came to England to receive his bride, but the marriage was deferred till the three months' mourning for Prince Henry had expired. James, for this marriage, exacted the old feudal aid of twenty shillings on every knight's fee, and on every twenty pounds of lands held in soccage; the sum obtained was only about £20,000, whilst the expense was £53,000, exclusive of her portion of £40,000.

(2.) THE ELECTOR ACCEPTS THE BOHEMIAN CROWN, 1619. In 1618, an insurrectionary movement commenced in Bohemia, originating in a dispute whether the Calvanists, by the Edict of Peace, had a right to build churches on church lands, as well as on the royal demesnes. On the Emperor Matthias deciding against them, they entered the castle of Prague, threw the principal members of the council out of the windows, and then took possession of the capital. All attempts made to calm the storm proved abortive. A revolution took place, Ferdinand, Duke of Styria, to whom the crown of Bohemia had been given, by his cousin the Emperor, was discarded, and the kingdom offered first to the Elector of Saxony, and on his refusal, to Frederic, the husband of the Princess Elizabeth. In an evil hour he consented, and hastening with his friends to Prague, was crowned king of Bohemia. Frederic had calculated on receiving sufficient aid from