and keeping a standing a army within the kingdom in the time of peace, unless it be with consent of parliament, is against law. 7. That the subjects which are protestants may have arms for their defence, suitable to their conditions, and as allowed by law. 8. That election of members of parliament ought to be free. 9. That the freedom of speech, and debates or proceedings in parliament, ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament. 10. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed; nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 11. That jurors ought to be duly impannelled and returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders. 12. That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction, are illegal and void. 13. And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the laws, parliaments ought to be held frequently.

And they [the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons] do claim, demand, and insist upon all and singular the premises, as their undoubted rights and liberties; and that no declarations, judgments, doings, or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises, ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example."

6. The Revolution in Scotland, Dec. 1688. As soon as James was assured of the destination of the expedition preparing in Holland, orders were sent to Scotland to call out the military force, and shortly after the Scotch army of above six thousand, under Douglas and Graham of Claverhouse, was ordered to march into England. On the flight of James, Dundee returned to Scotland, and the Scotch army passed over to the service of William. In the meantime, the absence of the regular forces gave courage to the Scotch Presbyterians, and they appeared in arms against the government. Perth, the chancellor, being persuaded to disband the militia, was immediately given to understand, that es a papist, he could no longer be a member of the council. Trying to escape beyond sea, he was taken and held a prisoner four years. The mob obtaining admission into Holyrood palace, in which James had planted a seminary of Jesuits, besides erecting a printing-office from which issued Catholic publications, burnt and destroyed the furniture of the chapel, and rifled the ancient sepulchres of the Scottish kings. Several nobles now proceeded to London, and with those already there, met William at Whitehall, Jan. 7; by the prince they were advised to consult together. After debating three days, they passed resolutions similar to those of the Lords and Commons of England, requesting William to call a Convention of the Estates of Scotland, to meet March 14, and meanwhile to take upon himself the government.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.

JAMES II. 1633-1701. James, the second surviving son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria, was born at St. James's palace, 15th October, 1633, and immediately declared Duke of York. His unfortunate career commenced in 1641, when his father sent for him to come to York. During the Civil War the young Duke was present at the battle of Edgehill, and at the siege of Bristol. In 1646, the surrender of Oxford to Fairfax put him in the hands of the parliament, which placed him, the Duke of Gloucester, and the Princess Elizabeth, under the care of the Earl of Northumberland. The Duke effected his escape in 1648, from St. James's palace, in female attire, and reached Middleburg in safety. After residing a time with his sister Mary, he was summoned to Paris by his mother, with whom he principally resided till 1653, when he received a command in the French army, and served under the great Turenne against the Spaniards in Fian ders. In 1655, in consequence of a treaty between Louis XIV. and Cromwell, James and his elder brother Charles were compelled to quit France; the Duke then entered the Spanish service, and distinguished himself at the siege of Dunkirk. At the Restoration, he was immediately made Lord High-Admiral, and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. In Sept. 1660, he married Anne, the eldest daughter of Clarendon. Of the Duke's naval career, and his subsequent history till the time of the Revolution, notice has already been taken.

James, after his escape from Rochester, was most generously received by his brother monarch of France, and when he undertook his expedition to Ireland, he received substantial aid from the same quarter. In 1692, he was again assisted in an attempt to recover his lost kingdom, but with as little result as before. Having seen the defeat of the French fleet off La Hogue, he returned to St. Germains, and offered to quit France, which Louis would not consent to. James kept up an appearance of royalty, and the town of St. Germains and its suburbs were filled with English, Scotch, and Irish Jacobite families, for the most part in utter destitution. To mitigate their misery, James was compelled to impose on his family the most rigid economy and the queen to part with her jewellery. In 1696, James went to Calais, where transports and twelve thousand troops were collected under the Duke of Berwick for a descent on England, but the ships were destroyed by a storm, and the fallen monarch again returned to Paris. About the same time an offer made to him of the crown of Poland was at once rejected. The treaty of Ryswick ended his hopes of further aid from Louis, though there was still the chance of a movement being made by the Jacobites, in connexion with the fastand-loose party, which included Monmouth, Halifax, Danby, and others. In 1701, James had an attack of paralysis, and was removed to the baths at Bourbon, where he somewhat improved. Returning to St. Germains, he had two fits of apoplexy and died.

James was in many respects a better man than his brother. His private life, though not free from reproach, was far less scandalous; and his sense of the dignity of his station preserved him from submitting to be a pensioner of France, to the same extent as his bro

ther had been; yet he was weak in judgment, bigoted in his principles, cold in his nature, and stern in the administration of justice. James possessed considerable courage, was a fair seaman, and generally of good business habits, but he was false to his promises, and a traitor to the civil and religious liberties of his subjects; like the rest of his race, he disliked popular institutions, and clung to the idea of the divine right of kings. By some writers it is maintained, that his conversion was rather from political than from religious motives, for he could place a surer dependence on the church of Rome, than that of England, to support him in his purpose of absolute government. His design made him a fugitive, and Hume with all his zeal for the House of Stuart, admits that "the people were justifiable in their resistance of him. So lofty was the idea which he entertained of his legal authority, that it left his subjects little or no right to liberty, but what was dependent on his sovereign will and pleasure."

ANNE HYDE. 1638-1671. Anne, the first wife of James II. was the eldest daughter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon. Being with her father in exile, she was appointed maid of honor to the Princess of Orange, in whose train she visited Paris, and there received overtures from the Duke. In 1659, they were privately contracted at Breda, this was after some difficulty avowed by a public marriage in London, in the year following. Henrietta, the queen dowager, came to England to oppose the match, and when she found her attempt unsuccessful, sought to bar her entrance to Whitehall. Anne is said to have demeaned herself so as to give general satisfaction, and her court, though less numerously attended than that of Henrietta's, was always more select. Towards the end of her short life she embraced the Catholic faith, though even her relatives were not certain of the fact till her last moments. Her death took place at St. James's, 1671. Burnet says she was an extraordinary woman, that "she composed well, had acquired considerable information from books; was a kind and generous friend, but a severe enemy."

MARY OF MODENA. 1658-1718. The second wife of James was Mary Beatrice, the daughter of Alphonso d'Este, Duke of Modena. [This family of d'Este in note since the fifth century. In the year 1000, the family divided into two branches, one marrying into the Bavarian family of Guelph, the other remaining in Italy. Victoria, Queen of England, is of the stock of Guelphs, being descended from the House of Brunswick, which descended from the Guelphs of Bavaria.] Mary's father died while she was young, and her education was superintended by her mother with much severity. When she had attained the age of fourteen, the Earl of Peterboro, sent abroad to report on different ladies, found her in a convent and reported favorably of her charms. But Mary's heart is said to have been set on being a nun, and to change her mind was a task of some difficulty. Being married by proxy, she travelled by the land route to England; arriving at Dover, she was there married in 1673, though the parlia ment had strongly protested against it. Her early married life was none of the happiest, for her children died, and her husband hated by the nation, was banished to Flanders, and when he returned, it was only to take up his residence in Scotland. During the reign of James, Mary was unpopular on account of her religion, and was moreover charged with imposing on the nation a supposititious son.

The Revolution made both her and her unfortunate husband pensioners on the bounty of Louis XIV. James died in 1701, leaving Mary guardian to the Prince of Wales, whose claims to the crown of Britain she immediately set forth in a public manifesto. Her life afterwards was a melancholy one, affected with cancer, and often short of money; besides the troubles growing out of the squabbles of the Jacobites, the banishment of her son, and the failure of his attempt in 1715, to regain the throne of his ancestors. Mary died in 1718, after thirty years of exile, having borne uncommon misfortunes with unusual patience. Indeed, her character seems upon the whole to be favorably reported of; she is charged with haughtiness, but this was subsequently moderated by the practice of humility; and if she meddled somewhat in public affairs, we may more readily concede to her the influence of religious convictions, than could well be done with respect to her husband. It may be added that she proved a kind step-mother to the princesses Mary and Anne.

The royal children of James by his first wife, Anne Hyde, were; Mary, afterwards queen of England: Anne, afterwards queen of England: and several other children which died young. By his second wife, Mary d'Este; James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales, called the "Old Pretender", born 1688 and died at Rome, 1765. By his mistress, Arabella sister of Churchill, afterwards the great Duke of Marlborough; Henrietta, born 1670, married to Sir Henry, afterwards Baron Waldegrave: James surnamed Fitzjames, born 1671, created Duke of Berwick: and Henry Fitzjames, born 1673, styled the grand prior. By his mistress, Catherine Sedley; Catherina, born 1681, married first, James, Earl of Anglesea, and second, Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham.

JAMES, DUKE OF MONMOUTH. 1649-1685. Monmouth, the natural son of Charles II. and Lucy Walters, was born at Rotterdam, and brought up in France under the discipline of the Péres de L'Oratorie. In 1662, he came over to this country with the queen mother, and was created first, Duke of Orkney, and then Duke of Monmouth. The year after, his father married him to Lady Anne Scott, the heiress of the princely house of Buccleugh; she was a virtuous and excellent lady, but Monmouth cared more for her wealth than her person. The Duke was present in the great sea-fight with Opdam in 1665, and in 1672, was sent over to the Netherlands, at the head of six thousand English troops, with which he saw some service, and specially distinguished himself at the siege of Maestricht in 1676. Two years later he served against the French, and won the applause of the Prince of Orange; his next exploit was the well-known affair of Bothwell Bridge in 1679. Monmouth was one of the party implicated in the revolutionary plot of 1683; indeed, by some it was proposed that he should be put forward for the throne. This affair made him an exile in Holland, and while there he was induced to take the lead in the expedition to unseat James, which cost him his life. Monmouth's character for courage, and his popularity with the people, which he won by his handsome person and affable manners, gave him ground to hope for success. His conduct to his wife was heartless; and his behaviour at Sedgemoor, and after his capture, do not leave favorable impressions.

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, EARL OF ARGYLE. Archibald was the

son of the Marquis of Argyle, the celebrated leader of the Covenanters, who was beheaded in 1661, for having sat in Richard Cromwell's parliament. Charles II. restored the estate and title in 1663 to Archibald, who had served in the army with the king's friends. Though appointed one of the lords of the council, he was not a prominent member. In 1681, he gave great offence to the Covenanters, by voting for the death of Cargill, one of their favorite preachers. In the same year, the Duke of York held a parliament in Scotland, and proposed a Test Act, which Argyle after some delay took with the reservation of, as far as was consistent with the Protestant faith". Within a week, he was indicted by order of James for treason and leasing-making, and was condemned to death; he however escaped in the disguise of a page and withdrew to Holland. This explains the part he took against James in 1685, and for which he was executed under the sentence of 1681.

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SIR GEORGE JEFFREYS. 1640-1689. Jeffreys was the younger son of a gentleman of Denbighshire. He was educated for the bar, and being distinguished for ability, perseverance, and an utterly unscrupulous nature, rose to be recorder of London. For taking part with the court in the disputes with the city, he was raised, in 1683, to be chief-justice of the King's Bench. After the failure of Monmouth's rebellion, his judicial tour was marked by a savage vindictiveness, which has caused his name to be handed down with detestation. As a reward, James made him lord-chancellor. At the Revolution, he was detected at Wapping in the guise of sailor; to rescue him from popular vengeance, he was sent to the Tower, where he died in about four months. The private character of Jeffreys was as low and vicious, as his public was brutal and perverted.

WILLIAM SANCROFT, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. 16161693. William Sancroft was born at Fresingfield, Suffolk, of a good family; he was educated at Emmanuel College, and ejected from his fellowship in 1649, for refusing to take the solemn league and covenant. His time was now spent in travelling abroad. After the Restoration his rise was rapid. In 1662, he became Master of Emmanuel, in 1663, Dean of York, the year following Dean of St. Paul's, and in 1677, Archbishop of Canterbury. Without designing it, the primate's resistance to the arbitrary designs of James, had great effect in bringing on the revolutionary crisis. After the flight of the king, Sancroft concurred in the declaration for a free parliament, but would not give his countenance to the settlement of the crown on William and Mary. Refusing to take the required oaths, he was suspended and deprived, and retiring to his native place, lived a life of strict seclusion, though he was nevertheless acknowledged as the head of the nonjuring party.

THOMAS OSBORNE, EARL OF DANBY. Thomas Osborne was the son of a Yorkshire knight, a royalist of some note. After showing eminent talents in the House of Commons, as well for business as debate, he was in 1673 raised to the peerage as Viscount Latimer, and the year following created Earl of Danby. When Clifford retired from the office of lord-treasurer, Danby succeeded him. As a minister he was opposed to the disgraceful treaties which made England dependent on France, and careful to secure the church from the inroads of either protestant or catholic dissenters. The intrigues of