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without receiving value therefor, and for the purpose of lending his name to some other person. Such a person is liable on the instrument to a holder for value, notwithstanding such holder at the time of taking the instrument knew him to be only an accommodation party.

[See ante, p. 309.]

ARTICLE IV.

Negotiation.

Note. This article appears as §§ 30-50 in the acts of Colorado,_Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, and Washington; as §§ 3333-3353 of R. S. of Arizona: as §§ 1364-1373 in the Code of the District of Columbia; as §§ 79-88 in the Maryland statute; as $8 47-67 of chap. 73 of the R. L. of Massachusetts; as §§ 3172b3172v of the R. S. of Ohio; as $ 38-58 in the Rhode Island act; and as §§ 1676 to 1676-20 of Wisconsin statute.

Section 60. What constitutes negotiation.

61. Indorsement; how made.

62. Indorsement must be of entire instrument.

63. Kinds of indorsement.

64. Special indorsement; indorsement in blank.

65. Blank indorsement; how changed to special indorsement.
66. When indorsement restrictive.

67. Effect of restrictive indorsement; rights of indorsee.

68. Qualified indorsement.

69. Conditional indorsement.

70. Indorsement of instrument payable to bearer.

71. Indorsement where payable to two or more persons.

72. Effect of instrument drawn or indorsed to a person as cashier.

73. Indorsement where name is misspelled, et cetera.

74. Indorsement in representative capacity.

75. Time of indorsement; presumption.

76. Place of indorsement; presumption.

77. Continuation of negotiable character,

78. Striking out indorsement.

79. Transfer without indorsement; effect of.

80. When prior party may negotiate instrument.

§ 60. What constitutes negotiation.-An instrument is negotiated when it is transferred from one person to another in such manner as to constitute the transferee the holder thereof. If payable to bearer it is negotiated by delivery; if payable to order it is negotiated by the indorsement of the holder completed by delivery.

[See ante, p. 316.]

§ 61. Indorsement; how made.— The indorsement must be written on the instrument itself or upon a paper attached thereto. The signature of the indorser, without additional words, is a sufficient indorsement.

[See ante, p. 320.]

§ 62. Indorsement must be of entire instrument.- The indorsement must be an indorsement of the entire instrument. An indorsement, which purports to transfer to the indorsee a part only of the amount payable, or which purports to transfer the instrument to two or more indorsees severally, does not operate as a negotiation of the instrument. But where the instrument has been paid in part, it may be indorsed as to the residue.

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[See ante, p. 323.]

Section construed, King v. King, 73 App. Div. 548, 77 N. Y. Supp. 40.

§ 63. Kinds of indorsement.-An indorsement may be either special or in blank; and it may also be either restrictive or qualified, or conditional. [See ante, p. 324.]

§ 64. Special indorsement; indorsement in blank.— A special indorsement specifies the person to whom, or to whose order the instrument is to be payable; and the indorsement of such indorsee is necessary to the further negotiation of the instrument. An indorsement in blank specifies no indorsee, and an instrument so indorsed is payable to bearer, and may be negotiated by delivery.

[See ante, p. 326.]

§ 65. Blank indorsement; how changed to special indorsement.— The holder may convert a blank indorsement into a special indorsement by writing over the signature of the indorser in blank any contract consistent with the character of the indorsement.

[See ante, p. 326.]

866. When indorsement restrictive.- An indorsement is restrictive, which either

1. Prohibits the further negotiation of the instrument; or

2. Constitutes the indorsee the agent of the indorser; or

3. Vests the title in the indorsee in trust for or to the use of some other person.

But the mere absence of words implying power to negotiate does not make an indorsement restrictive.

[See ante, p. 328.]

§ 67. Effect of restrictive indorsement; rights of indorsee.— A restrictive indorsement confers upon the indorsee the right:

1. To receive payment of the instrument;

2. To bring any action thereon that the indorser could bring;

3. To transfer his rights as such indorsee, where the form of the indorsement authorizes him to do so.

But all subsequent indorsees acquire only the title of the first indorsee under the restrictive indorseinent.

[See ante, p. 332.]

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68. Qualified indorsement. A qualified indorsement constitutes the indorser a mere assignor of the title to the instrument. It may be made by adding to the indorser's signature the words “without recourse or any words of similar import. Such an indorsement does not impair the negotiable character of the instrument.

[See ante, p. 336.]

§ 69. Conditional indorsement.—Where an indorsement is conditional, a party required to pay the instrument may disregard the condition and make payment to the indorsee or his transferee, whether the condition has been fulfilled or not. But any person to whom an instrument so indorsed is nego

tiated will hold the same, or the proceeds thereof, subject to the rights of the person indorsing conditionally.

[See ante, p. 337.]

$ 70. Indorsement of instrument payable to bearer. Where an instrument, payable to bearer, is indorsed specially, it may nevertheless be further negotiated by delivery; but the person indorsing specially is liable as indorser to only such holders as make title through his indorsement.

[See ante, p. 338.]

§ 71. Indorsement where payable to two or more persons.- Where an instrument is payable to the order of two or more payees or indorsees who are not partners, all must indorse, unless the one indorsing has authority to indorse for the others.

[See ante, p. 338.]

§ 72. Effect of instrument drawn or indorsed to a person as cashier.— Where an instrument is drawn or indorsed to a person as "cashier" or other fiscal officer of a bank or corporation, it is deemed prima facie to be payable to the bank or corporation of which he is such officer; and may be negotiated by either the indorsement of the bank or corporation, or the indorsement of the officer.

[See ante, p. 339.]

§ 73. Indorsement where name is misspelled, et cetera.- Where the name of a payee or indorsee is wrongly designated or misspelled, he may indorse the instrument as therein described, adding, if he think fit, his proper signature.

[See ante, p. 341.]

§ 74. Indorsement in representative capacity.- Where any person is under obligation to indorse in a representative capacity, he may indorse in such terms as to negative personal liability.

[See ante, p. 341.]

§ 75. Time of indorsement; presumption.- Except where an indorsement bears date after the maturity of the instrument, every negotiation is deemed prima facie to have been effected before the instrument was overdue. [See ante, p. 342.]

§ 76. Place of indorsement; presumption.- Except where the contrary appears every indorsement is presumed prima facie to have been made at the place where the instrument is dated.

[See ante, p. 343.]

§ 77. Continuation of negotiable character.- An instrument negotiable in its origin continues to be negotiable until it has been restrictively indorsed or discharged by payment or otherwise.

[See ante, p. 343.]

78. Striking out indorsement. The holder may at any time strike out any indorsement which is not necessary to his title. The indorser whose indorsement is struck out, and all indorsers subsequent to him, are thereby relieved from liability on the instrument.

[See ante, p. 346.]

§ 79. Transfer without indorsement; effect of. Where the holder of an instrument payable to his order transfers it for value without indorsing it, the transfer vests in the transferee such title as the transferrer had therein, and the transferee acquires, in addition, the right to have the indorsement of the transferrer. But for the purpose of determining whether the transferee is a holder in due course, the negotiation takes effect as of the time when the indorsement is actually made.

[See ante, p. 347.]

§ 80. When prior party may negotiate instrument.- Where an instrument is negotiated back to a prior party, such party may, subject to the provisions of this act, reissue and further negotiate the same. But he is not entitled to enforce payment thereof against any intervening party to whom he was personally liable.

[See ante, p. 352.]

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ARTICLE V.

Rights of Holder.

Note. This article appears as §§ 51-59 in the act of Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, and Washington; as §§ 3354-3362 of R. S. of Arizona; as §§ 1355-1363 in the Code of the District of Columbia; as §§ 70-78 in the Maryland statute; as §§ 68-76 of chap. 73 of the R. L. of Massachusetts; as §§ 3172w3173d of the R. S. of Ohio; as §§ 59-67 in the Rhode Island act; and as §§ 1676-21 to 1676-29 of Wisconsin statute.

Section 90. Right of holder to sue; payment.

91. What constitutes a holder in due course.

92. When person not deemed holder in due course.

93. Notice before full amount paid.

94. When title defective.

95. What constitutes notice of defect.

96. Rights of holder in due course.
97. When subject to original defenses.

98. Who deemed holder in due course.

§ 90. Right of holder to sue; payment.—The holder of a negotiable instrument may sue thereon in his own name; and payment to him in due course discharges the instrument.

[See ante, p. 358.]

891. What constitutes a holder in due course.-A holder in due course is a holder who has taken the instrument under the following conditions:

1. That it is complete and regular upon its face;

2. That he became the holder of it before it was overdue, and without notice that it had been previously dishonored, if such were the fact;

3. That he took it in good faith and for value;

4. That at the time it was negotiated to him he had no notice of any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person negotiating it. [See ante, p. 359.]

892. When person not deemed holder in due course.- Where an instrument payable on demand is negotiated an unreasonable length of time after its issue, the holder is not deemed a holder in due course.

[See ante, p. 367.]

893. Notice before full amount paid.- Where the transferee receives notice of any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person negotiating the same before he has paid the full amount agreed to be paid therefor, he will be deemed a holder in due course only to the extent of the amount theretofore paid by him.

[See ante, p. 373.]

§ 94. When title defective.- The title of a person who negotiates an instrument is defective within the meaning of this act when he obtained the instrument, or any signature thereto, by fraud, duress, or force and fear, or other unlawful means, or for an illegal consideration, or when he negotiates it in breach of faith, or under such circumstances as amount to a fraud.

[See ante, p. 374.]

§ 95. What constitutes notice of defect.-To constitute notice of an infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person negotiating the same, the person to whom it is negotiated must have had actual knowledge of the infirmity or defect, or knowledge of such facts that his action in taking the instrument amounted to bad faith.

[See ante, p. 367.]

896. Rights of holder in due course.— A holder in due course holds the instrument free from any defect of title of prior parties and free from defenses available to prior parties among themselves, and may enforce payment of the instrument for the full amount thereof against all parties liable thereon.

[See ante, p. 381.]

§ 97. When subject to original defenses.- In the hands of any holder other than a holder in due course, a negotiable instrument is subject to the same defenses as if it were non-negotiable. But a holder who derives his title through a holder in due course, and who is not himself a party to any fraud or illegality affecting the instrument, has all the rights of such former holder in respect of all parties prior to the latter.

[See ante, p. 387.]

Section construed, Andrews v. Robertson, 111 Wis. 337, 87 N. W. 190.

§ 98. Who deemed holder in due course.- Every holder is deemed prima facie to be a holder in due course; but when it is shown that the title of any person who has negotiated the instrument was defective, the burden is on the holder to prove that he or some person under whom he claims acquired the title as a holder in due course. But the last-mentioned rule does not apply in favor of a party who became bound on the instrument prior to the acquisition of such defective title.

[See ante, p. 391.]

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