Concerning the holding of offices by senators and representatives. 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. SECTION VII. Revenue bill to originate in the 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of house of repre- representatives; but the senate may propose or concur with amendsentatives, &c. ments, as on other bills. Powers of the president and of congress in the 2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and the senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to and the forms of the president of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; enacting of laws proceeding on bills in that respect. Joint resolu tions, except for receive the same but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress, by their adjournment, prevent its re- turn; in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the adjournment, to senate and house of representatives may be necessary (except on a sanction as bills. question of adjournment), shall be presented to the president of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the senate and house of representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Congress shall have power, 1st, to lay taxes, &c. 2. Bor. money. SECTION VIII. The congress shall have power, 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States: 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States: 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes: 3. Regulate commerce. 4. Establish the rule of naturalization and bankrupt laws. 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States: 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 5. Coin money, and fix the standard of weights and measures: &c., and fix weights and 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities measures. and current coin of the United States: 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads: 6. Provide for punishing counterfeiters. 7. Establish post-offices, &c. 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, 8. Patent rights. for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries: 9. To constitute inferior tri 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court: 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the bunals, &c. high seas, and offences against the law of nations: 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water: 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years: 13. To provide and maintain a navy: 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces: 11. To declare war, &c. 12. Raise armies, &c. 13. Provide a navy. 14. Make rules for army and navy. 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of 15. Provide for the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions : calling forth the militia. 16. Provide for organizing the 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the ser- militia, &c. vice of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by congress: 17. Exercise exclusive juris district, and &c. 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of diction over a particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of places for forts, government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings: And, 18. Make all laws necessary to 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers the execution of vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION IX. their powers. Importation of certain persons 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states, now existing, shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- not to be pro ter 1808. hibited until af- hibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. Habeas corpus. No bill of at tainder or ex post facto law. Direct taxes according to census. No export duty, nor preference of one State to another in commerce. Public moneys, how drawn, &c. No titles of nobility. No presents, &c. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SECTION X. Restrictions on the power of the states individu ally. Powers which the states can exercise only under the sanc 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; marque make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility. 2. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necestion of congress. sary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. SECTION I. Executive pow 1. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United er vested in a States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four president, &c. years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature Electors of president and thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number vice-president. of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 3. [Annulled. See Amendments, Art. 12.] 4. The congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. Congress may choosing the electors, &c. fix the time of of president. 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the Qualifications United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of vacancy in the of the vice-presi 6. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of fice of president, the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president; and the dent to act, &c. congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. 7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive, within that period, any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States." Compensation to the president. The president to take an oath. Form of the oath. SECTION II. The president is commander require opinions cers, and may 1. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy in-chief-he may of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when of executive offi- called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. grant pardons, &c. He may, by advice of the sen ties, appoint ambassadors and other offi-. cers; but congress may vest 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the ate, make trea- senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers certain appoint and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. ments otherwise. President may fill vacancies in recess. President to recommend 3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION III. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress information of the measures to con- state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measgress, &c., may convene and ad- ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraor journ congress on certain occasions, shall receive ambassadors, see the laws executed, and commission offi cers. dinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors, and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION IV. President and other officers The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United removable by im- States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convicpeachment. tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. SECTION I. Judicial power vested in a su The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one preme court, supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from |