Statuta personalia purported to be those positive laws which had for their principal object the person and his status, although they might collaterally and indirectly affect his property.

Statuta realia purported to be those positive laws, which had for their principal object immoveable property: although they also might indirectly and collaterally affect the persons.

Statuta mixta (d) purported to be those positive Laws which had not for their principal object persons or things, but the acts and obligations of individuals: according to some jurists, only the form of these acts and obligations; according to others, not only their form, but their matter and substance (vinculum obligationis). Statuta mixta included, also, all that related to the legal establishment and enforcement of claims: according to many jurists, actions, or the form and mode of procedure in legal acts, whether judicial or extra-judicial: according to other jurists, they referred to both Persons and Things-conjunctim de utrisque (e).

CCCLXIII. Though the limits of these respective Statuta have been narrowed by some, and extended by other jurists, and great difference of opinion and divergence of practice have always prevailed in their application to particular cases; still, on the whole, and practically speaking, they may be summed up as follows (ƒ).

Personal Statutes attach to all persons domiciled in the

tarios in patrias Britonum leges, seu consuetudines generales Ducatûs Britanniæ.

J. Voet, lib. i. tit. iv. pars ii. 2.

Savigny, R. R. viii. s. 361.

(d) P. Voet, De Statutis, sect. iv. cap. ii. § 4, says :-" Mixta dicentur meo sensu quæ licet forte vel in rem vel in personam loquerentur, non tamen principaliter de re vel de personâ disponant, verum de modo vel solennitate in omnibus negotiis et causis sive judicialibus sive extrajudicialibus adhibendâ."--See Felix, Titre prélim. ch. iv. s. 21.

(e) So Burgundus, Rodenburg, Boullenois. See Fœlix, ubi sup. (f) Savigny, R. R. viii. s. 361.

territory of the statute-making authority, and ought to be recognised and applied by the judgment of a foreign tribunal.

Real Statutes attach to all immoveable property, and ought to receive a similar recognition.

Mixed Statutes apply to all acts (Handlungen; actes) done in the territory of the statute-making authority, and the law of that territory ought to be applied to them.

CCCLXIV. This chapter may not improperly be closed by a reference to the opinions of three modern jurists, of great celebrity upon the subject of it.

The Italian Rocco adheres to the twofold division into Personal and Real Statutes, but rejects the category of Mixed Statutes: the subject of them, he says, should be transferred either to Personal or Real, according as the Person or the Property be the predominant element or principal object (g).

The French Felix adopts the threefold division, understanding by Mixed Statutes, acts or obligations, and thereby assimilating the division to that transplanted from the commentaries of Gaius into the Institutes, "omne jus "vel ad personas pertinet vel ad res vel ad actiones; " for "actiones" or suits (demandes), the effect, Fœlix substitutes "acta" or "obligationes," which he designates the cause (h).

The German Savigny, the prince of modern jurists, pronounces the division to be capable of the most various meanings and applications, and therefore, of course, to contain some true doctrine. But he rejects the division for himself as altogether unsatisfactory, and, on account of its ambiguity, unsafe as a basis of Private International Law (i).

(g) "In somma le leggi miste non esistono. Sono elle o reali o personali a secondo che le cose o le persone ne sieno l'obbietto principale e diretto."--Libro i. cap. ii. p. 23.

(h) Titre prélim. chap. iv. s. 21.

(i) R. R. viii. s. 361.

It must not be supposed, however, that though these eminent men differ so widely as to the philosophical truth of the division in question, they differ as widely upon the expediency and equity of the doctrine which it was the intention of the framers of this division to enforce. This is not the case: they are substantially unanimous upon the most material points of Private International Law. For instance, all are agreed as to what law ought to govern the Status of the Individual in a foreign State: and it should be observed here that the terms Personal Statute and Status are nearly identical in their signification.

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"Les Statuts personnels " (D'Aguesseau says) "sont ceux qui affectent la personne, qui forment ce qu'on appelle son état, qui le rendent incapable, non pas de disposer de tels ou tels biens, mais de contracter de "faire tels ou tels actes; en sorte que l'acte est nul en "soi et indépendamment de son exécution" (k).

This observation leads us to the consideration of the Law which governs the Person and his Status, the subject of the next chapter.

(k) Cited in Folix, Titre prélim. chap. iv. s. 22. See D'Aguessean, Œuvres, tome v. pp. 281-283, (ed. Pardessus), Plaidoyer 54.

NOTES ON THE FOREGOING CHAPTER.

The edition of Bartolus which I have used, is the one published Venetiis MDCII., a fine copy which belonged to the College of Advocates at Doctors' Commons. It will be seen that the part interesting to the student of Private International Law begins at the 14th section of the following heading to the chapter; but I have given the heading entire, partly on account of its novelty to the English reader.

De Summâ Trinitate—Rubric. Lex Prima.

1. Relativum, quis, ponitur declarativè, augmentativè, et restrictivè. 2. Lex non debet esse de ludibrio.

3. Verbum, volo, quandoque inducit dispositionem.

4. Relativum, quis, vel qui, est relativum substantiæ.

5. Religio, quo modo sumatur, et quid nobis afferat.

6. Usuræ quando possunt de mente et voluntate juris civilis exigi et ut interesse peti. Nu. 8.

7. Minus malum permittitur, ut evitetur majus.

9. Dementia alia vera, alia ficta.

10. Argumentum de perjuro ad hæreticum, quando procedat. 11. Hæretici hodie sunt infames, et repelluntur a testimonio. 12. Infames de facto quando possunt testificari.

13. Hæretici quâ poenâ puniantur.

14. Statutum loci contractûs quoad solennitatem ejus attenditur. 15. Quoad ordinem [? ordinationem] litis inspicitur locus judicii. 16. Locus contractûs circa dubia, quæ oriuntur tempore contractûs, secundum naturam ipsius inspicitur, fallit in dote. Nu. 17.

18. Statuta quænam circa dubia, quæ oriuntur post contractum, propter negligentiam, vel moram, attendantur.

19. Statutum loci viri, quoad lucrum dotis, inspicitur.

20. Restitutio ex læsione contingente in ipso contractu, quando petitur, quod statutum attendatur. Forensis delinquens in loco secundum quæ statuta puniatur.

21. Statutum, quòd testamentum coram duobus testibus possit fieri, valet ; et Nu. 22. Et an comprehendat forensem ibi testantem, Nu. 24. 23. Solennitas publicandi testamentum, potest per statutum minui, et mutari.

25. Statutum circa ea, quæ sunt voluntariæ jurisdictionis, comprehendit forenses.

26. Statutum, quòd filiusfamilias possit testari, non comprehendit filiumfamilias ibi testantem.

27. Statutum ubi res est sita, servari debet.

28. Statutum, et consuetudo laicorum, quando ligent clericos, et servari debeant in curia episcopi.

29. Statuta contra privilegia clericorum dicuntur esse contra libertatem ecclesiæ.

30. Consuetudo laicorum in his, quæ pertinent ad processum, servatur in loco ecclesiastico.

31. Statutum, quòd testamenta insinuentur, ligat clericos.

32. Statutum quandoque porrigit effectum extra territorium. 33. Statutum quòd filia femina non succedat, cum sit prohibitorium, et odiosum, non trahitur ad bona alibi sita.

34. Statutum permissivum quando habeat locum extra territorium. 35. Instrumenta confecta a notario extra territorium, faciunt ubique fidem.

36. Testamentum conditum coram quatuor testibus, secundum dis positionem statuti loci, valet, etiam quoad bona sita extra territorium. 37. Lex potest facere, quòd quis decedat pro parte testatus, et pro parte intestatus.

38. Statutum habilitans personam, quando trahatur extra territorium; et Nu. 41.

39. Actus voluntariæ jurisdictionis non possunt exerceri extra jurisdictionem concedentis, qui sit inferior a principe; Nu. 40.

41. Aditio hæreditatis porrigit effectum suum extra civitatem; et Nu. 43.

42. Consuetudo Angliæ, quòd primogenitus succedat in omnibus bonis, quando trahatur ad bona alibi sita.

44. Statutum punitivum, quando porrigat effectum suum extra territorium.

45. Delinquens in loco, efficitur de jurisdictione loci.

46. Forenses duo existentes in exercitu Perusino, si in territorio Aretino delinquant, poterunt puniri per potestatem Perusii.

47. Statutum punitivum simpliciter loquens, quando comprehendat civem delinquentem extra territorium, ad hoc, ut possit contra eum procedi, et puniri secundum statuta suæ civitatis; et Nu. 48.

49. Cautela in formanda inquisitione contra civem delinquentem extra territorium.

50. Pœna imposita, quando extendat effectum suum extra territorium judicantis.

51. Publicatio bonorum an extendatur ad bona alibi sita. Et ad quem dominum pertineant.

The 14th Section begins as follows :—

"Nunc veniamus ad Gloss. quæ dicit Quod si Bon. &c. cujus occasione videnda sunt duo, et primò utrum statutum porrigat extra territorium ad non subditos,-secundò utrum effectus statuti porrigat extra territorium statuentium.

"Et primò quæro quid de contractibus. Pone contractum celebratum per aliquem forensem in hâc civitate, litigium ortum est et agitatur