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had already painted the ceiling; but the proposed cost of this undertaking (£8000), and the breaking out of the war, compelled it to be abandoned. Vandyke died in England in 1641, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, and although he had done so much, he had only reached the age of forty-two.

While poetry of every kind, and poets of every variety of excellence were in such abundance, the other departments of intellect were by no means unproductive; and the eminent literary and scientific characters of this period need merely be named, to call up to memory their mental achievements and their greatness. Foremost of these may be placed Lord Bacon, "the greatest, wisest, meanest of mankind," who, if he deserved the last epithet as a politician, fully merited the other two as a philosopher and universal instructor. Enough of his political career has been given in another part of this work, and it is grateful to turn from his character as a statesman and the flatterer of Buckingham, to that by which he will be best remembered-his being the author of Novum Organum, by which the Aristotelian form of reasoning was superseded, and the philosophy of reason, truth, and nature restored to its proper pre-eminence. The fruits of this mighty revolution have been manifested in the history of English intellect from that period onward-and may be traced in the inventions and discoveries by which physical science

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vey was distinguished during this period by his discovery of the circulation of the blood, a discovery which has revolutionized and benefited the healing art more than any that had yet been made. Dr. William Harvey, for whom this high

distinction was reserved, after a life of study in France, Germany, and Italy, settled in London as lecturer on anatomy and surgery in the College of Physicians; and it was in his course of lecturing, that he disclosed his discovery of the circulation of the blood, which he afterwards gave to the world at large in his work entitled Exerci tatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis. He was physician to, James I. and Charles I.; and after a long life in which his gentleness, modesty, and piety were as conspicuous as his great talents and compelled the esteem of all parties, he died in 1657, at the age of eighty-eight. Among the political writers whom this stirring age produced, the best was John Milton, who would have been renowned as the ablest of political controversialists, if he had not secured the more enduring character of the best of poets Another eminent political writer was John Barchanges became that of the Archbishops of York, in the reign of Queen Mary. The latter appear to have let it to Sir Nicholas Bacon, the philosopher's father, as keeper of the great seal. It

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YORK HOUSE, LONDON. The birthplace of Bacon.2-From a print by Hollar.

has so greatly ameliorated the ills and enlarged the powers and comforts of humanity. Compared with this, what were the heroic deeds of this warring age, or even the political changes they effected? After Bacon, but at a long dis

1 See vol. ii. p 330, for a portrait of Bacon.

2 The house in which Bacon first saw the light was originally the town residence of the Bishops of Norwich, and after some

clay, author of Argenis. In history, this period was prolific not only of voluminous chroniclers and learned laborious antiquaries, through whom our knowledge of English history has been completed, but also of regular historians, at the head of whom may be placed Lord Bacon; Thomas May, the historian of the Long Parliament; Richard Knolles, author of a History of the Turks, which is still a valuable standard authority; and Sir Walter Raleigh, who after having acquired distinction as a scholar, soldier, courtier, navigator, poet, and chemist, sat down in his imprisonment in the Tower to write the History of the World, as if to console himself for being no longer able to explore its still undiscovered regions, or to take a part in its exciting movements.

tioned, whose Church History of Britain, from the Birth of Jesus Christ until the Year 1648, and his History of the Worthies of England, are still read with profit and delight.

In passing from England to Scotland during the present period, its condition may be mentioned in a very few words. As yet, the change that was finally to be accomplished upon its character by union, and ultimately by incorporation with England, had not visibly begun to operate; and therefore the manners and customs of the people were still as simple and rude as they had been during the preceding stage. In learning, also, the nation had rather retrograded than advanced, owing to that struggle in defence of its beloved church, by which its whole time and energies were fully occupied. The distinguished Scottish characters of this period were therefore men of action rather than contemplation; and they are to be found in the public arena where great events were at issue, rather than the closet or the college. From this general criterion, however, two illustrious exceptions occurred in the cases of Drummond of Hawthornden and Napier of Merchiston.

As the present was a religious age, and as the Civil war partook as much of a religious as a political character, it is in theology, still more than in general science, that the master-spirits of the day are to be found. Next to the stage, therefore-although the transition is a strange oneit is to the pulpit that we must look for the highest manifestations of intellectual excellence during the first part of the seventeenth century. And here the name of Jeremy Taylor at once suggests itself as the Milton of preachers; of Joseph Hall, Bishop of Exeter and Norwich, who was not only a poet, but one of the most eloquent of preachers, and whose vigorous, sententious mode of illustrated tion obtained for him the title of the "Christian Seneca;" of John Donne, dean of St. Paul's, a poet like Hall, and who, like him, also threw his whole poetical fervour into his ministrations as a teacher of righteousness. With these may be classed John Howe, the learned and eloquent chaplain of Cromwell, and whose sermons, independently of their sound Christian truthfulness, breathe the purest and most elevated spirit of Platonism. As the danger to which the English church was exposed by the growing power of the Puritans became daily more imminent, the necessity called forth learned and able controversialists in its behalf, the chief of whom were Dr. Lancelot Andrews, Bishop of Winchester, and the primitive Archbishop Usher. The same necessity existed of defending the common Protestantism against the attacks of Popery, and in this department of theological controversy John Hales and William Chillingworth are still unrivalled. In ecclesiastical history, Thomas Fuller may be menwas afterwards occupied by Bacon himself on his attaining the dignity of lord-chancellor, and it was here that he was deprived of the great seal on his degradation. York House then passed into the hands of the crown, and was bestowed by James I. on his favourite, the Duke of Buckingham, who altered it to the form represented in the woodcut. Nothing now remains of the building but the beautiful water gate on the Thames, one of the finest works of Inigo Jones, at the end of Buckingham Street, and a portion of the old ceiling which is still preserved in a honse at the corner of Villiers Street.

Sir William Drummond was born on the 13th of December, 1585. His family seat of Hawthornden, now a place of pilgrimage to admiring tourists, was a fitting birth-place and home for a poet; while his studies, which were chiefly devoto the writings of the great authors of Greece and Rome, elevated his taste, and refined his language beyond those of his contemporaries, not merely in Scotland but of England also. His sonnets, especially, were the admiration of the age, on account of their purity of style and melody of versification, so that he has been justly compared to the best of his Italian models. Instead of betaking himself to the profession of the law, for which, like the other jurisconsults of his country, he had studied four years in France, he retired, on the death of his father, to Hawthornden. His reputation as a poet, by the publication of several of his verses, and especially of "A Cypress Grove," which was printed at Edinburgh in 1616, so widely diffused his poetical reputation, that, only two or three years after, Ben Jonson resolved to pay a visit to their author; and this he accomplished in his own rough bold fashion, by a journey on foot of 400 miles over moor and mountain, and among a people still dreaded as barbarians. The chief poetical works of Drummond were sonnets, madrigals, and religious poems, which, during his lifetime, were printed upon loose sheets, and were not collected until 1650, six years after his death, when they were published in one volume.

The other distinguished Scot of this periodJohn Napier of Merchiston, inventor of the logarithms-has secured for himself a name as imperishable as the invention upon which it is

founded. He was born in 1550, and although | ecclesiastical controversy. Another excellent wriaggrandized with the title of baron, which in ter, as well as accomplished scholar, was Robert England was one of nobility, in Scotland it indicated nothing more than a laird, whose ancestors had held the power of fossa et furca within their own small domain. Little is known of the earlier part of his life, except that he studied in the university of St. Andrews, and afterwards travelled on the Continent. On returning to Scotland, his life was so studious and recluse, and his evening walks so lonely, that the country people eyed him at a distance, and with fear, as a magician, or at least as something "not canny;" and to this he afforded some grounds by the nature of his studies, several of which bordered on the miraculous. The chief of these were the discovery of concealed treasures by the divining rod, and the invention of a warlike machine for the defence of Christendom, that would destroy 30,000 Turks by a single volley. The same love of the wonderful incited him to the study of the future, but in this he wisely confined himself to the Revelations of St. John, upon which he published a Commentary in 1593. It was not, however, till 1614 that he burst upon the world in his true scientific character, by the publication of his Book of Logarithms; and in a short time this useful discovery, by which the most laborious and abstruse calculations were simplified into short easy processes, was hailed as one of the most valuable benefits that had ever been rendered to science. Still prosecuting these important investigations, he published, in 1617, directions for the processes of multiplication and division by small graduated rods, which, from their inventor, were afterwards called "Napier's Bones." In the same year he died at Merchiston Castle.

Baillie, principal of the university of Glasgow, who understood thirteen languages, and wrote in Latin with classical purity. His chief works were Opus Historicum et Chronologicum, published in folio at Amsterdam, and his Journal and Letters, which contain a full and graphic account of Scottish affairs during the Civil war and the Commonwealth, but which remained unpublished till 1775. Among the other distinguished Scottish churchmen of the period, may be mentioned Alexander Henderson, who, after John Knox and Andrew Melvil, is reckoned the third Scottish Reformer, as under his able leading the prelacy imposed upon his country by James I. and Charles I. was overthrown;-and George Gillespie, one of the four Scottish ministers deputed to attend the Westminster Assembly of Divines, and whose scholarship as well as dialectic talent was so complete as, in one of the assembly's discussions, to have completely nonplussed the learned Selden himself, although he came fully armed with preparation, while Gillespie entered booted and spurred from his journey, and with the purpose of being only a spectator. Equal to any of these was Hugh Binning, whose early proficiency in scholarship was so remarkable, that at the age of nineteen he stood candidate for the chair of philosophy on the resignation of Mr. James Dalrymple, afterwards Lord Stair, and gained it against every competitor. From the university, where he was distinguished as one of the first emancipators of philosophy from the pedantry with which it was overlaid, he entered the church, and became one of its most eloquent divines, and died while as yet only in the twenty-sixth year of his age. His While the literary and scientific annals of Scot-works were a treatise on Christian Love, a lesson land could thus supply not more than two names of which the day was greatly in need, and many of distinguished mark, its ecclesiastical history was scarcely more productive. During the reign of James the church was almost trodden under foot, and in the Civil wars even the best of its divines were employed as political negotiators or military chaplains. In spite of these disadvan- | tages, however, so unfavourable to literary research, and the cultivation of taste and eloquence, this period produced David Calderwood, whose voluminous History of the Kirk of Scotland is a valuable record of Scottish events during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, while his Altare Damascenum places him in the highest rank of

miscellaneous tracts and sermons, which have been collected into a large quarto volume. So superior is the style of Binning to that of his contemporaries, that while most of the productions of the latter have fallen out of sight, his sermons are still read with high relish even by the most critical and fastidious.

Such were the few eminent men whom Scotland at this period produced. A twilight had already commenced, and a dark and stormy night was to follow, before the land was fitted for that high intellectual position which she was destined finally to occupy.

BOOK VIII.

PERIOD FROM THE RESTORATION OF CHARLES II. TO THE

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CHAPTER I.-CIVIL AND MILITARY HISTORY.-A.D. 1660–1661.

CHARLES II.-ACCESSION, A.D. 1660-DEATH, A.D. 1685.

Charles II. lands in England-His reception-Choice of his principal counsellors-His exercise of a royal attribute -First proceedings of the Restoration-Selection of regicides for punishment-Revenue assigned to the king -Unsatisfactory settlement of the question of toleration-Usher's scheme of union between Episcopalians and Presbyterians-Its unsatisfactory discussion before the king-Trial of the reicides-Trials of General Harrison, Colonel Carew, and Harry Martin-Trials of William Hewlet, Garland, and Hugh Peters-Execution of General Harrison-Execution of other regicides-Arrival of the queen-mother in England - Marriage of the Duke of York to the daughter of Lord Clarendon-Conformity to the Church of England enjoined - Violation of the graves of regicides, and execution of dead bodies-Venner's insurrection in London, and its suppression -New troops raised-Claims of Scotland on the gratitude of Charles II.- His hatred to the Kirk of Scotland -The Marquis of Argyle entrapped, tried, and executed-Other Scottish executions-Evil government of Scotland by Lauderdale and Middleton-Sharp made Archbishop of St. Andrews-His persecution of the Covenanters-The new or "Pension Parliament"-Its intolerant church measures-Persecution of eminent Commonwealth men-A rigorous conformity bill passed-Marriage of Charles II. to Catherine of BraganzaHe continues his open profligacies- Afflictions of the new queen-She threatens to return to Portugal-Trial of Sir Harry Vane-His defence-His sentence-His conduct on the scaffold, and execution-Assassination of Mr. Lisle at Lausanne.

N the 25th of May, Charles and his two brothers, the Dukes of York and Gloucester, landed near Dover, where Monk met them. The king embraced and kissed his restorer, calling him "Father." On the 29th, which was Charles's birthday, and that on which he completed his thirtieth year, he made his solemn entry into London, attended by the members of both houses, by bishops, ministers, knights of the Bath, lord-mayor and aldermen, kettle-drunis and trumpets. All was joy and jubilee. And when Charles met the House of Lords, the Earl of Manchester hailed him as "great king," "dread sovereign," "native king," son of the wise," &c., and prophesied to him that he would prove an example to all kings, of piety, justice,

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prudence, and power. Nor were the commons much behind the lords: their speaker, Sir Harbottle Grimston, told Charles that he was deservedly called the "king of hearts;" that he would receive from his people a crown of hearts; that he could not fail to be the happiest and most glorious king of the happiest people.

The king's principal adviser was, and for some time had been, the Earl of Clarendon- the reforming Edward Hyde of former days; but in the formation of a government or a ministry, Clarendon was obliged to consult the interest of Monk. In Charles's first privy council there were admitted almost as many Presbyterians as Church of England men and Cavaliers; but Clarendon evidently hoped to be able to displace these Presbyterians by degrees. Among the members of this new cabinet were the king's two brothers, the Marquis of Ormond, the Earl of

Lindsay, Lord Say and Sele, General Monk, the | Clarendon told them that his majesty would in Earl of Manchester, Mr. Denzil Hollis, and Sir all points make good his declaration from Breda; Antony Ashley Cooper. Monk was continued that he granted a free pardon to all except those captain-general of all the forces of the three whom the parliament might except; and that kingdoms, and he was soon gratified by a long no man should be disquieted for differences of list of titles of nobility, ending in that of Duke of opinion in matters of religion. Albemarle. The Duke of York was made lord high-admiral, lord-warden of the Cinque-ports, &c. The Earl of Southampton became lord hightreasurer; the high-church Marquis of Ormond, lord-steward of the household; and the Presbyterian Earl of Manchester, lord-chamberlain. Lord Clarendon, retaining the chancellorship, was intrusted with the chief management of affairs.

The Presbyterians were startled at the reproduction of the Thirty-nine Articles; but they were gratified by a royal proclamation against vice, debauchery, and profaneness, and by seeing one of the most debauched and profane of princes admit into the number of his chaplains Baxter and Calamy, two eloquent and famous Presbyterian preachers. To keep the lord-mayor, the aldermen, sheriffs, and principal officers of the city militia in good humour and loyalty, the honour of knighthood was showered upon them, and the king went into the city to feast with them. That none of the old attributes of royalty might remain in the shade, his majesty began to touch for the king's evil, sitting under his canopy of state with his surgeons and chaplains, and stroking the faces of all the sick that were brought to him, one of the chaplains saying at each touching -"He put his hands upon them and he healed them." This disgusting and even

blasphemous ceremony --this pretension to

Fifteen days before Charles's joyous entrance into London, the lords had caused the Book of Common Prayer to be read in their house; and at the same time they and the commons had begun to arrest as traitors all such as spoke amiss of his gracious majesty or of kingly government. They had also seized Clement, one of the late king's judges; and had ordered the seizure of the goods of all that sat as judges upon that memorable trial; thus plainly intimating, even before Charles's arrival, that vengeance was to be taken upon the regicides. And now the Presbyterian majority of the commons, led on by the noisy, hot-headed, and vindictive Denzil Hollis, voted that neither they themselves nor the people of England could be freed from the horrid guilt of the late unnatural rebellion, or from the punishment which that guilt merited, unless they

CHARLES II.-After Sir P. Lely.

formally availed themselves of his majesty's grace and pardon, as set forth in the declaration of Breda; and they went in a body to the Banqueting House, and threw themselves at the feet of Charles, who recommended them to despatch what was called a bill of indemnity and oblivion. Clarendon had all along counted upon punishing with death all such as had been immediately concerned in the death of the late king. Monk, however, when arranging the Restoration, had advised that not more than four should be excepted; and now he stepped in to check the vindictive

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an hereditary right of working miracles-greatly fury of the commons, and prevailed upon them incensed the Puritans.

The lords and commons who, under Mouk, had recalled the king, were not properly a parliament, but only a convention. Therefore one of the first proceedings after his arrival was to pass an act constituting this convention a parliament. They then voted £70,000 a-month to the king for present necessities. The Chancellor

to limit the number of their victims to sevenScott, Holland, Lisle, Barkstead, Harrison, Say, and Jones-who, it was voted, should lose the benefit of the indemnity both as to life and estate. But the number of seven was presently raised to ten by the addition of Coke, the active solicitor; Broughton, clerk to the High Court of Justice: and Dendy, who had acted as serjeant-at-arms

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