England, that the prisoner may be directed to | vited him to make the best defence he could make a positive answer by way of confession or against the charge. "For the charge," cried negation; and that if he refuse so to do, the charge Charles, "I value it not a rush; it is the liberty be taken pro confesso, and the court proceed to of the people of England that I stand for. I am justice.' Then Bradshaw told the prisoner that your king, bound to uphold justice, to maintain the court were fully satisfied with their own the old laws; therefore, until I know that all this authority, and did now expect that he should is not against the fundamental laws of the kingplead guilty or not guilty. Charles repeated that dom, I can put in no particular answer. If you he still questioned the legality of this court; that will give me time, I will show you my reasons a king could not be tried by any jurisdiction upon why I cannot do it, and"-here the president inearth; but that it was not for himself alone that terrupted him; but Charles, as soon as his voice he resisted, but for the liberty of the people of ceased, continued his reasoning; and after several England, which was dearer to him than to his interruptions of this kind, Bradshaw said, "Clerk, judges. He was going on in this strain, talking do your duty;" and the clerk read:-"Charles of the lives, liberties, and estates of his people, Stuart, King of England, you are accused, in bewhen Bradshaw interrupted him by telling him half of the commons of England, of divers crimes that he, as a prisoner, and charged as a high de- and treasons, which charge hath been read unto linquent, could not be suffered any longer to you; the court now requires you to give your enter into argument and dispute concerning that positive and final answer, by way of confession court's authority. Charles replied that, though or denial of the charge." Charles once more urged he knew not the forms of law, he knew law and that he could not acknowledge a new court, or reason: that he knew as much law as any gentle-alter the fundamental laws. Bradshaw replied, man in England, and was therefore pleading for "Sir, this is the third time that you have publicly the liberties of the people more than his judges disowned this court, and put an affront upon it. were doing. He again went on to deny the lega- | How far you have preserved the liberties of the lity of the court, and Bradshaw again interrupted people your actions have shown. Truly, sir, him; and this was repeated many times. At last men's intentions ought to be known by their the president ordered the serjeant-at-arms to re-actions; you have written your meaning in bloody move the prisoner from the bar. Well, sir," exclaimed Charles, "remember that the king is not suffered to give in his reasons for the liberty and freedom of all his subjects." "Sir," replied Bradshaw, "how great a friend you have been to the laws and liberties of the people, let all England and the world judge." Charles, exclaiming "Well, sir," was guarded forth to Sir Robert Cotton's house. The court then adjourned to the Painted Chamber, on Tuesday, at twelve o'clock. At the appointed time, sixty-three commissioners met in close conference in the Painted Chamber, and there resolved that Bradshaw should acquaint the king that if he continued contumacious he must expect no further time. This done, the court adjourned to Westminster Hall, and the king was brought in with the ac-tradicente, did dissent from the proceedings of the customed guard. Coke again craved judgment, censuring the prisoner for disputing the authority of the court, and the supreme authority and jurisdiction of the House of Commons. Bradshaw followed in the same strain, saying, in conclusion, "Sir, you are to give your positive and final answer in plain English, whether you be guilty or not guilty of these treasons." Charles, after a short pause, said, "When I was here yesterday, I did desire to speak for the liberties of the people of England: I was interrupted. I desire to know whether I may speak freely or not?" Bradshaw replied, that when he had once pleaded he should be heard at large; and he in

characters throughout this kingdom. But, sir, you understand the pleasure of the court. Clerk, record the default. And, gentlemen, you that took charge of the prisoner, take him back again.” "Sir," rejoined Charles, "I will say yet one word to you. If it were my own particular, I would not say any more to interrupt you." "Sir," replied Bradshaw, "you have heard the pleasure of the court, and you are, notwithstanding you will not understand it, to find that you are before a court of justice." And then the king went forth with his guards to Sir Robert Cotton's house, where he lay.

As early as the 17th of January, the Rump had been advertised, by private letters from Scotland, that the parliament there, nemine con

parliament of England:--1. In the toleration extended to sectaries. 2. In the trial of the king. 3. In alteration of the form of government. And upon this day, Tuesday the 23d, the Scottish commissioners, the Earl of Lothian and Sir John Cheseley, who were in London for the purpose of treating with Charles and the parliament, sent to the speaker of the Rump their solemn protest against all proceedings for bringing the king to trial.'

On the 24th and 25th of January, the fourth and fifth days of the trial, the court sat in the Painted Chamber hearing witnesses, having de

Whitelock; Rushworth.

termined that, though the king refused to plead, they would proceed to the examination of witnesses ex abundanti-in other words, only for the further satisfaction of themselves. On the sixth day, the commissioners were engaged in preparing the sentence, having then determined that the king's condemnation should extend to death. A question was agitated as to his deprivation and deposition previously to his execution, but it was postponed; and the sentence, with a blank for the manner of death, was drawn up by Ireton, Harrison, Harry Martin, Say, Lisle, and Love, and ordered to be engrossed.

On the morrow, the 27th of January, and the seventh day of this unlawful but memorable trial, the high court of justice sat for the last time in Westminster Hall; and the Lord-president Bradshaw, who had hitherto worn plain black, was robed in scarlet, and most of the commissioners were "in their best habit." After the calling of the court, the king came in, as was his wont, with his hat on; and as he passed up the hall a loud cry was heard of "Justice!—justice! Execution!-execution!" "This," says Whitelock, "was made by some soldiers, and others of the rabble." One of the soldiers upon guard, moved by a better feeling, said, "God bless you, sir!" Charles thanked him; but his officer struck the poor man with his cane. Methinks," said Charles, "the punishment exceeds the offence." Bradshaw's scarlet robe, and the solemn aspect of the whole court, convinced the king that this would be his last appearance on that stage. The natural love of life seems to have shaken his firmness and constancy, and as soon as he was at the bar he earnestly desired to be heard. Bradshaw told him that he should be heard in his turn, but that he must hear the court first. Charles returned still more eagerly to his prayer for a first hearing, urging repeatedly that hasty judgment was not so soon recalled. Bradshaw repeated that he should be heard before judgment was given; and then remarked how he had refused to make answer to the charge brought against him in the name of the people of England. Here a female voice cried aloud, "No, not half the people." The voice was supposed to proceed from Lady Fairfax, the Presbyterian wife of the lord-general, who still kept aloof, doing nothing; but it was soon silenced; and the president continued his speech, which ended in assuring the king that, if he had anything to say in defence of himself concerning the matter charged, the court would hear him. Charles then said, "I must tell you, that this many a day all things have been taken away from me, but that I call more dear to me than my life, which is my conscience and honour; and if I had a respect to my life more than to the peace of the

kingdom and the liberty of the subject, certainly I should have made a particular defence; for by that, at leastwise, I might have delayed an ugly sentence, which I perceive will pass upon me.

I conceive that a hasty sentence, once passed, may sooner be repented of than recalled; and truly the desire I have for the peace of the kingdom and the liberty of the subject, more than my own particular ends, makes me now at least desire, before sentence be given, that I may be heard in the Painted Chamber before the lords and commons.' I am sure what I have to say is well worth the hearing." Bradshaw told him that all this was but a further declining of the jurisdiction of the court, and sternly refused his prayer for a hearing in the Painted Chamber, which is generally, though perhaps very incorrectly, supposed to have related to a proposal for abdicating in favour of his eldest son. But one of the commissioners on the bench, John Downes, a citizen of London, after saying repeatedly to those who sat near him, "Have we hearts of stone? Are we men?" rose and said in a trembling voice, "My lord, I am not satisfied to give my consent to this sentence. I have reasons to offer against it. I desire the court may adjourn to hear me." And the court adjourned in some disorder. After half an hour's absence they all returned to their places, and that, too, with a unanimous resolution to send the king to the block. Bradshaw cried out, "Serjeant-at-arms, send for your prisoner;" and Charles, who had passed the time in solemn conference with Bishop Juxon, returned to his seat at the bar. "Sir," said Bradshaw, addressing him, "you were pleased to make a motion for the propounding of somewhat to the lords and commons for the peace of this kingdom. Sir, you did in effect receive an answer before the court adjourned. Sir, the return I have to you from the court is this: that they have been too much delayed by you already." After some more discourse to the same effect, Bradshaw was silent; and then the king, saying that he did not deny the power they had, that he knew they had quite power enough, again implored to be heard by the lords and commons in the Painted Chamber. Bradshaw again refused in the name of the whole court, and proceeded to deliver a long and bitter speech in justification of their sentence. He told the fallen king that the law was his superior, and that he ought to have ruled according to the law; that, as the law was his superior, so there was something that was superior to the law, and that was the people of England, the parent or author of the law.

The Painted Chamber was an apartment in the old royal palace at Westminster, used as a place of meeting for the lords and commons when they held a conference. See an engraving and more particular notice of it, vol. ii. p. 588.

your prisoner." Still struggling to be heard, where he slept soundly for more than four hours. Charles said, confusedly, "I may speak after the Awaking about two hours before the dismal daysentence by your favour, sir? I may speak after break of the 30th of January, he dressed himself sentence, ever. By your favour"- "Hold!" with unusual care, and put on an extra shirt be cried Bradshaw. "The sentence, sir," stammered cause the season was so sharp. He said, "Death Charles; "I say, sir, I do"- Again Brad- is not terrible to me; and, bless my God, I am shaw stopped him with his determined "Hold!" prepared." He then called in Bishop Juxon, And then the king, muttering, "I am not suffered i

MEDALS, SIEGE-PIECES, AND OTHER MEMORIALS OF CHARLES I.

The Medals and Siege-pieces here shown are the size of the originals.

13. One

1. Coronation Medal of Gold. 2. Silver-gilt Medal: Portrait Charles I. and Houses of Parliament. 3, 4. Bristol Siegepiece (copper). 5. Pontefract Siege-piece (silver). 6, 7. Newark Half-crown (silver). 8-9, 10-11. Fourpenny iege-pieces (silver; where coined not known). 12. One Shilling and fourpence (siege of Beeston Castle). Shilling Piece (siege of Carlisle). 14. Fourpenny Piece (siege of Scarborough). 15. Sevenpenny Piece (Beeston Castle). 16. Gold Ten-shilling Piece (Colchester) 17, 18. Memorial Ring, with devices enlarged. 19. Memorial Heart, forming a small box.