not, but theirs that refuse so fair an offer." Par- HAMPTON COURT. 2-From an old picture in possession of W. Bray, Esq. such persons as had seduced his majesty to that | But on the following day Sir William resigned item, that they might be punished as his great council should advise. The parliament at first resolved not to proceed with any business till they had a satisfactory answer to their petition and, during their heat, hints were thrown out that the Irish rebels were actually favoured by some about the queen; "and divers went yet higher." On the very next day (the 15th of December), the motion for printing the Remonstrance, which had been lost on the 22d of November by a majority of twenty-three, was triumphantly carried by 135 to 83. This striking paper, when distributed through the country, was of more effect than an army could have been. Charles, moody and discontented, withdrew to Hampton Court to prepare an answer to the Remonstrance in the shape of a declaration. He chose this very moment of doubt and suspicion for an attempt to get the Tower of London into his hands by changing the governor or lieutenant. Upon the 20th of December a report was made to the vigilant commons that his majesty intended to remove Sir William Balfour, the sturdy lieutenant who had secured the Earl of Strafford for them; and they ordered that Sir William 1 Rushworth; Whitelock. "The original palace of Hampton Court was a brick building, but erected upon a plan of superior magnificence, and furnished with a splendour which was not to be seen on this side of the Alpe. It contained 280 beds, which were adorned with silk and gold hangings. Henry VIII., whom Wolsey found it expedient to compliment with the assurance that he had built it expressly for his pleasure and accommodation, greatly enlarged the buildIng. Of the original splendour there are few remains. principal of them is the spacious hall, formerly used as a banqueting room. Hentzner, in his Itinerary, gives a description of the apartments, and their superb contents and fittings. The the keys of the Tower to the king, who forthwith appointed Colonel Lunsford, who took the oaths, and entered upon the charge. The very day after this appointment, the common councilmen, and others of the city of London, petitioned the House of Commons against it, representing this Colonel Lunsford as a man outlawed, most notorious for outrages, and therefore fit for any desperate enterprise, and reminding the house that they (the citizens) had lately been put into fear of some dangerous design from that citadel. The commons demanded a conference with the lords, and communicated to their lordships the petition from the city, representing the unfitness of Lunsford for a place of such great trust, and desired their lordships to concur in a remonstrance, and in a prayer to the king to recommend Sir John Conyers to be lieutenant, under the command of that honourable person the Earl of Newport, who was constable of the Tower. The lords declined doing anything, upon which the commons passed the following vote:--"Resolved, nemine contradicente, that this house holds Colonel Lunsford unfit to be, or continue, lieutenant of the Tower, as being a person whom the commons of England cannot confide in." When this was done they sent to desire a second conference with the peers. The managers of this conference, Mr. Hollis, Mr. Pym, Mr. Strode, Sir Edmond Montfort, Mr. Glynne, Sir Philip Stapleton, Mr. Martin, and Sir John Hobham, importuned their lordships to join in their petition for removing Colonel Lunsford, alleging that they already found the evil consequence of his being lieutenant, inasmuch as merchants had already withdrawn their bullion out of the mint, &c. | the citizens rescued the youth, and about a hun That same even-dred of them coming up so hemmed in the lord bishop, that he could not stir; and then all of them with a loud voice cried out "No bishops!" The mob let old Williams go, apparently without injuring him; but one David Hide, a reformado in the late army against the Scots, and now appointed to go upon some command into Ireland, began to bustle and to say that he would cut the throats of those round-headed dogs' that bawled against bishops. Nor did this David Hide stop at threats, for he drew his sword, and called upon three or four others with him to second him; but his comrades refused, and he was soou disarmed by the citizens and carried before the House of Commons, who first committed him, and afterwards cashiered him. On the same stormy Monday, Colonel Lunsford, the recently dismissed lieutenant of the Tower, went through Westminster Hall, with no fewer than thirty or forty friends at his back. A fray ensued, the colonel drew his sword, and some hurt was done among the citizens and apprentices. Presently there came swarming down to Westminster some hundreds more of apprentices and others, with swords, staves, and other weapons. The lords sent out the gentleman usher, to bid them depart in the king's name. The people said that they were willing to be gone, but durst not, because Colonel Lunsford and other swordsmen in Westminster Hall were lying in wait for them with their swords drawn, and because some of them that were going home through Westminster Hall had been slashed and wounded by those soldiers. With great difficulty the lord mayor and sheriffs appeased this tumult, which caused the loss of some blood, and which was the prelude to the fiercer battles that soon followed between the Roundheads and Cavaliers. All this day the houses of parliament were surrounded by tumultuous multitudes-for it was not yet publicly known that the king had removed Colonel Lunsford. The citizens who had petitioned against that officer collected at Westminster for an answer to that petition, and the London apprentices were there also for an answer to their petition. It was a Monday morning, and they made of it a most noisy St. Monday, crying out, "Beware of plots! No bishops! no bishops!" Old Bishop Williams seems to have lost his coolness and circumspection with increase of age. On his way to the House of Lords with the Earl of Dover, observing a youth crying out lustily against the bishops, he stepped from the earl, rushed into the crowd, and laid hands upon the stripling. Thereupon general." 1 Rushworth attributes the origin of the term Roundhead t this David Hide:-"Which passionate expression," says he term or compellation of Roundheads, which afterwards grew so "as far as I could ever learn, was the first minting of th CHAPTER XIII.-CIVIL AND MILITARY HISTORY.-A.D. 1641-1642. CHARLES I. The bishops protest against their exclusion from parliament-They declare the proceedings of the lords null during their absence-They are committed to the Tower-The commons petition the king for a guard-He offers them one of his own choosing-He accuses six leaders of the commons of high treason-He commands their arrestHe prepares, on the refusal of the house, to secure them by force-His arrival in the house for the purposeHe finds the accused withdrawn-Indignation at his intrusion-He again attempts to secure the members in the city-Petition and remonstrance of the commons on the occasion-Voluntary offers tendered for the protection of the accused members-Charles retires with his family and court from London-He abandons his prosecution of the members-Parliament alarmed by reports of military musters-Their preparations for defence Symptoms of approaching civil war-Proceedings of both parties in the Irish rebellion-The lukewarmness of the lords denounced by the commons-Intercepted letters produced before the commons-Their contents produce alarm and remonstrance-The queen departs from England-The commons demand the power of the sword to be lodged in their own hands-They pass the Militia bill to that effect-Charles refuses to sanction it-The commons put the kingdom in a state of defence-They proclaim the Militia ordinance in their own name-A Declaration agreed by the lords and commons-Indignant remarks of Charles on receiving it-His abrupt refusal to intrust the militia to parliament-Justification he delivers for his proceedings-His message to the two houses-Their resolutions in consequence-They transmit their justification to the king -Both parties attempt to secure possession of Hull-It is secured for the commons-Intrigues of Charles to recover it-He is refused admittance into the town-The commons approve of the refusal-Reply of the king, and his remonstrance-Counter-remonstrance of parliament-Charles forbids the muster of troops without his orders--The lieutenants of the counties disregard his prohibition-Gathering of the parliamentary army―The English fleet inclined to the popular cause-Charles attempts to win the Scots to his party-They reject his advances-The adherents of the king, and their proceedings-Dilemma occasioned by the application of Charles for the great seal-Clarendon's account of its delivery-Preparations of Charles to besiege HullNine peers enlist themselves on the side of the king-They are impeached by the commons-Proposals from the commons of an accommodation rejected by the king. HE thirteen bishops impeached for their share in the obnoxious canons and Laud's last convocation, had been admitted to bail, and, after a short time, to their seats in the House of Lords. Now, twelve of them drew up a protest and petition to the king, stating, that they could not attend in their places in parliament, where they had a clear and indubitable right to vote, because they had several times been violently menaced, affronted, and assaulted by multitudes of people, and had lately been chased away from the House of Lords, and put in danger of their lives-for all which they could find no redress or protection, though they had lodged several complaints in both houses. "Therefore,” continued the document, "they (the bishops) do in all duty and humility protest before your majesty and the peers against all laws, orders, votes, resolutions, and determinations, as in themselves null and of none effect, which in their absence have already passed; as likewise against all such as shall hereafter pass in the House of Lords, during the time of this their forced and violent absence," &c. To the surprise of most men, the first signature to this protest and petition was that of old Williams, who had been translated to the archbishopric of York a VOL. II. very few days before. The other eleven bishops that signed were Durham, Lichfield, Norwich, St. Asaph, Bath and Wells, Hereford, Oxford, Ely, Gloucester, Peterborough, and Llandaff. If the lords had acquiesced in the views of the petitioners, the Long Parliament might have been ended now, in so far at least as the upper house was concerned, and the slur of illegality might have been cast upon all the acts that had been passed during the last year in the frequent absence of the lords spiritual. The move on the part of the court was a bold one; but the revolution was now in progress, and, without even offering to provide for the bishops' safety, so that they might come to their house, or be accused of staying away wilfully and voluntarily, the lords desired a conference with the commons, and denounced the petition and protest as highly criminal, and subversive of the fundamental privileges and the very being of parliament. The commons instantly re-echoed the charge, accused these twelve bishops of high treason, and sent Mr. Glynne to the bar of the lords, to charge the prelates in the name of the House of Commons, and to desire that they might be forthwith sequestered from parliament and put into safe custody. "The lords sent the black rod instantly to find out these bishops and apprehend them; and by eight o'clock 169-70 at night they were all taken, and brought upon their knees to the bar, and ten of them committed to the Tower; and two (in regard of their age, and indeed of the worthy parts of one of them, the learned Bishop of Durham) were committed to the black rod." Thus ten more prelates were sent to join Laud in his captivitytwelve votes were lost to the court party in the House of Lords. On the last day of this eventful year the commons sent Mr. Denzil Hollis to the king, with what they called an Address to his majesty, praying for a guard, and an answer without delay. DENZIL HOLLIS.-From a print by R. White. Hollis told the king, by word of mouth, that the House of Commons were ready to spend the last drop of their blood for his majesty, but that they had great apprehensions and just fears of mischievous designs to ruin and destroy them; that there had been several attempts made heretofore to bring destruction upon their whole body at once, and threats and menaces used against particular persons; that there was a malignant party daily gathering strength and confidence, and now come to such a height as to imbrue their hands in blood in the face and at the very doors of the parliament; and that the same party at his majesty's own gates had given out insolent and menacing speeches against the parliament itself. And in the end Hollis informed him, that it was the humble desire of the commons to have a guard to protect them out of the city, and commanded by the Earl of Essex, chamberlain of his majesty's household, and equally faithful to his majesty and the commonwealth. Charles desired to have this message in writing; the paper was sent to him accordingly, and he replied to it, not 1 Rushworth. without delay, as the commons had requested, or enjoined, but three days after. In the interval the commons had ordered that halberts should be provided and brought into the house for their own better security. The halberts were brought in accordingly, and Rushworth informs us that they stood in the house for a considerable time afterwards. Then, understanding that the lords would not sit on the morrow, which was New Year's Day, they adjourned till Monday, the 3d of January, resolving, however, that they should meet on the morrow, in a grand committee at Guildhall, leaving another committee at Westminster, to receive his majesty's answer to their petition, if it should come in the meantime." On the 3d of January the commons, meeting in their usual place, received the king's tardy and unsatisfactory answer to their petition for a guard. Charles expressed his great grief of heart at finding, after a whole year's sitting of this parliament, that there should be such jealousies, distrusts, and fears; he protested his ignorance of the grounds of their apprehension, and he offered to appoint them a guard if they should continue to think one necessary. A guard of the king's appointing was precisely the thing that the commons did not want. While they were debating upon the message they received a communication from the lords, the effect of which was galvanic. That morning Herbert, the king's attorney, was admitted into the House of Lords at the request of the lord-keeper, and approaching the clerks' table (not the bar), Herbert said that the king had commanded him to tell their lordships that divers great and treasonable designs and practices, against him and the state, had come to his majesty's knowledge. which," continued Herbert, "his majesty hath given me command, in his name, to accuse, and I do accuse, by delivering unto your lordships these articles in writing, which I received of his majesty, the six persons therein named of high treason, the heads of which treason are contained in the said articles, which I desire may be read." The lords took the articles, and commanded the reading of them. They were entitled "Articles of high treason, and other high misdemeanours, against the Lord Kimbolton, Mr. Denzil Hollis, Sir Arthur Hazlerig, Mr. John Pym, Mr. John Hampden, and Mr. William Strode." The sev enth, and the last and most significant article, "For 2 Rushworth. This establishing a committee in the city befor the king's violent act of attempting to seize the five members has been generally overlooked. The attorney and solicitor-general are legally considered to be attendants upon the House of Lords, and have, as well as the judges, their regular writs of summons issued out at the be ginning of every parliament, ad tractandum et consilium impor dendum, though not ad consentiendum, with their lordshipsBlackstone, Com. i. 168. House of Commons; and those gentlemen being delivered, I am commanded to arrest them, in his majesty's name, of high treason: their names are Denzil Hollis, Arthur Hazlerig, John Pym, John Hampden, and William Strode." When he had delivered this message the house commanded him to withdraw, and sent Lord Falkland, and three other members, to acquaint his majesty that the matter was of great consequence, and that the House of Commons would take it into their serious consideration, holding the members ready to answer any legal charge made against them. All this was on the 3d of January. "The next day after that the king had answered the the 4th of January, 1642," says May, “he gave, unhappily, a just occasion for all men to think that their fears and jealousies were not causeless." He spent the preceding evening in making pre affirmed "that they have traitorously conspired to levy, and actually have levied war against the king." Lord Kimbolton, who was in his seat, stood up, and expressed his readiness to meet the charge, offering to obey whatever the house should order. None of the courtiers had courage to move his arrest as a traitor. The lords wavered, stood still, and then appointed a committee, consisting of the lord-steward, and the Earls of Essex, Bath, Southampton, Warwick, Bristol, and Holland, to consider precedents and records touching the regularity of this accusation, and to discover whether such an accusation might be brought by the king's attorney into their house against a peer, &c. Thus they avoided commit-petition of the house (about the guard), being ting themselves, gained time, and no doubt made sure that the commons, whom they warned by message, would take the affair upon themselves.1 And nearly at the same moment that their message was delivered in the lower house, informa-parations. Arms were removed from the Tower tion was also carried thither that several officers were sealing up the doors, trunks, and papers of Hampden, Pym, and the other accused members. Upon which the commons instantly voted, "That if any person whatsoever shall come to the lodgings of any member of this house, and offer to seal the trunks, doors, or papers of any of them, or seize upon their persons, such member shall require the aid of the constable to keep such persons in safe custody till this house do give further order; and that if any person whatsoever shall offer to arrest or detain the person of any member without first acquainting this house, it is lawful for such member, or any person, to assist him, and to stand upon his or their guard of defence, and to make a resistance, according to the protestation taken to defend the privileges of parliament." They also ordered that the serjeant-at-arms attending their house should proceed and break open the seals set upon the doors, papers, &c., of Mr. Hampden and the rest; and that the speaker should sign a warrant for the apprehension of those who had done the deed. The house then desired an immediate conference with the lords; but before they could receive an answer, they were told that a serjeant-at-arms was at their door, with a message to deliver from his majesty to their speaker. Forthwith they called in the said serjeant to the bar, making him, however, leave his mace behind him. "I am commanded by the king's majesty, my master," said the serjeant, "upon my allegiance, to require of Mr. Speaker five gentlemen, members of the Rushworth; Parl. Hist. Clarendon says, "The House of Pers was somewhat appalled at this alarum, but took time to consider of it till the next day, that they might see how their masters, the commons, would behave themselves; the Lord Kimbolton being present in the house, and making great profssions of his innocence; and no lord being so hardy to press for his commitment on the behalf of the king." Whitelock. to Whitehall, where a table was spread in the palace for a band of rash young men, who were ready to proceed to extremities for the re-establishment of royalty in its pristine state. Charles had determined to charge the five members with private meetings and treasonable correspondence with the Scots (a case met and provided for by the amnesty which had been procured both in Scotland and England), and with countenancing the late tumults from the city of London; and he now resolved to go in person to seize the five members of the House of Commons. On the morning of the 4th the five accused members attended in their places, as they had been ordered. Lord Falkland stated, that he was desired to inform the house that the serjeant-at-arms had done nothing the preceding day but what he had it in command to do. Then Hampden rose, and powerfully repelled the vague accusations which had been brought against them by the king. If to be resolute in the defence of parliament, the liberties of the subject, the Reformed religion, was to be a traitor, then he acknowledged he might be guilty of treason, but not otherwise. Hazlerig followed Hampden. The house being informed that it was Sir William Fleming and Sir William Killigrew, with others, who had sealed up the studies and papers of the five members, ordered that they should be forthwith apprehended, and kept in the custody of the serjeant-at-arms till further notice. They also voted that a conference should be desired with the lords, to acquaint them of a scandalous paper, published with articles of high treason, against their five members, and the Lord Kimbolton, a peer. The house rose at the usual dinner-hour, but met again immediately after. They had scarcely taken their seats when intelligence was brought by Captain Langrish, who had passed |