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greater part of her army, which had never exceeded 13,000 men, and which had never drawn a sword, was disbanded; and on the 3d of Angust, attended by a vast concourse of the nobility, Mary made her triumphant entrance through London to the Tower, where the old Duke of Norfolk, Edward Courtenay, son to the Marquis of Exeter, beheaded in the year 1538, Gardiner, late Bishop of Winchester, and Anne, Dowager-duchess of Somerset, presented themselves on their knees Bishop Gardiner, in the name of them all, delivering a congratulatory oration, and blessing the Lord, on their own account, for her happy accession. It was, indeed, a time of triumph for all of the Catholic party! The queen courteously raised them, kissed each of them, saying, "These are all my own prisoners," and gave orders for their immediate discharge from the Tower. A day or two after, Bonner, late Bishop of London, and Tonstal, the old Bishop of Durham, were released from the harsh imprisonment to which they had been committed by the Protestant party, and immediate measures were adopted for restoring them and several of their friends-all zealous Papists-to their respective sees.

Arundel, who hated him to death, though a little | lated on her happy success by Elizabeth. The before he had professed a wish to spend his heart's blood in his service. The duke, who was utterly devoid of greatness of mind, fell on his knees before the earl, and abjectly begged for life; but Arundel, who rejoiced in his ruin and abasement, carried him off to London and lodged him in the Tower, even as Queen Mary had commanded. The Lady Jane, having, "as on a stage, for ten days only personated a queen," was already in safe custody within those dismal walls; and the Earl of Warwick, Lord Ambrose, and Lord Henry Dudley, the three sons of the Duke of Northumberland; Sir A. Dudley, the duke's brother, the Marquis of Northampton, the Earl of Hunting don, Sir Thomas Palmer, Sir John Gates, his brother Sir Henry Gates, and Dr. Edwin Sandys, vice-chancellor of the university of Cambridge, who had impugned Queen Mary's rights from the pulpit, were very soon lodged in the same fortress; and two days after these committals Sir Roger Cholmley, lord chief-justice of the King's Bench, Sir Edmund Montague, chief-justice of the Common Pleas, the Duke of Suffolk, and Sir John Cheke, were added to the list of state prisoners: but on the 31st of July the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father, was discharged out of the Tower by the Earl of Arundel, and soon after obtained the queen's pardon. On the 30th day of this same busy month, the Lady Elizabeth rode from her palace in the Strand (where she had arrived the night before) through the city of London, and then out by Aldgate, to meet her sister Mary, accompanied by 1000 horse, of knights, ladies, gentlemen, and their servants. At this difficult crisis the conduct of Elizabeth, which is supposed to have been prescribed by Sir William Cecil-afterwards her own great minister Lord Burghley-was exceeding politic, and at the same time bold. When waited upon in Hert-equally culpable with him, and those by whose fordshire by messengers from the Duke of Northumberland, who apprized her of the accession of the Lady Jane, and proposed that she, Elizabeth, should resign her own title in consideration of certain lands and pensions, she replied that her elder sister Mary was first to be agreed with, and that, during her lifetime, she could claim no right to the throne. She determined to make common cause with her sister against those who were bent on excluding them both; she called around her a number of friends to prevent her seizure; she waited the course of events; and, at the right moment, hurried to the capital, whence, as we have seen, she set out, well attended, to welcome Mary and give strength to her party.'

The queen travelled by slow journeys from Norfolk to Wanstead, in Essex, where she arrived on the 1st of August, and was congratu1 Heylin; Holinshed; Speed; Godwin,

On the 18th of August, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, his eldest son John, Earl of Warwick, and William Parr, Marquis of Northampton, were arraigned at Westminster Hall, where Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, high-steward of England, the recently liberated captive-the survivor of his accomplished son, the Earl of Surrey -presided at the trial. The Duke of Northumberland pleaded that he had done nothing but by the authority of the council, and by warrant of the same under the great seal of England; and he asked whether any such persons as were

letters and commandments he had been directed in all his doings, might be his judges, or sit upon his trial as jurors? The latter query did him no good: the members of the council averred that they had acted under peril—that they had been coerced by the duke-and Suffolk (the father of Lady Jane!) Cranmer, Cecil, and the rest, continued to sit in judgment, and with very little loss of time proceeded to pass sentence. The duke hesitated at no meanness to avert his doom; but self-prostration was of no avail. When sentence was passed he craved the favour of such a death as was usually allowed to noblemen: he besought the court to be merciful to his sons, on account of their youth and inexperience; and then, as a last hope of gaining the queen's pardon by apostasy, he requested that he might be per

2 Stow; Godwin. Bonner had been a prisoner in the Marshalsea, Tonstal in the King's Bench.

Noster, and six of the first verses of the psalm In te, Domine, speravi, ending with, "Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit." Then bowing towards the block, he said that he had deserved a thousand deaths, and laying his head over it, his neck was instantly severed. They took up his body, with the head, and buried it in the Tower, by the body of his victim the late Duke of Somerset, so that there lay before the high

mitted to confer with some learned divine for the | psalms of Miserere and De Profundis, his Pater settling of his conscience, and that her majesty would be graciously pleased to send unto him four of her council, to whom he might discover certain things that nearly concerned the safety of her realm. His son, the Earl of Warwick, showed a higher spirit, hearing his sentence with great firmness, and craving no other favour than that his debts might be paid out of his property confiscated to the crown. The Marquis of Northampton pleaded that, from the beginning of these tumults, he had discharged no public office, and that, being all that time intent on hunting and other sports, he had not partaken in the conspiracy; but the court held it to be manifest that he was a party with the duke, and passed sentence on him likewise. On the next day Sir Andrew Dudley, Sir John Gates, Sir Henry Gates, and Sir Thomas Palmer, were condemned as traitors in the same court.' On Tuesday, the 22d of August, the Duke of Northumberland, Sir John Gates, and Sir Thomas Palmer, were brought forth to Towerhill, for execution. When the duke met Sir John Gates he told him that he forgave him with all his heart, although he and the council were the great cause of his present condition. Gates replied that he forgave the duke as he would be forgiven, although he and his high authority were the original causes of the whole calamity. From the scaffold Northumberland addressed the people in a long and contrite speech, in which he told them that they should all most heartily pray that it might please God to grant her majesty Queen Mary a long reign. After he had spoken to the people, he knelt down, saying to those that were about him, "1 beseech you all to bear me witness that I die in the true Catholic faith;" and then he repeated the

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Heglin; Holinshed; Stow; Strype.

INTERIOR OF ST. PETER'S CHAPEL IN THE TOWER. 3-Drawn by T. S. Boys,
from his sketch on the spot.

* Godwin says that Northumberland spoke and acted thus, "by the persuasion of Nicholas Heath, afterwards Bishop of York." But it was usual (as we have shown repeatedly) to die in strict conformity to the will of the court.

This church was founded by Edward III., and dedicated in the name of "St. Peter in Chains," commonly called "St. Peter ad Vincula within the Tower." The building is simple and without ornament, but has been so disfigured by successive alterations and additions that little of the original structure remains.

altar in St. Peter's Chapel two headless dukes between two headless queens-the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland between Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Howard, all four beheaded and interred in the Tower.' The head of Sir John Gates fell immediately after that of Northumberland. Gates also made a long penitential speech on the scaffold, telling the people that he had lived as viciously and wickedly all the days of his life as any man ;3 that he had been the greatest reader and worst observer of Scripture of any one living. Sir Thomas Palmer was next beheaded, and in his dying speech he thanked God who had made

It contains some ancient tombs, the earliest of which is that of Sir Richard Cholmondeley, lieutenant of the Tower in the reign of Henry VII. In addition to those illustrious personages mentioned in the text, there are buried in this chapel, Fisher, Bishop of Rochester; Sir Thomas More; Cromwell, Earl of Essex; Margaret, Countess of Salisbury; Lord-admiral Seymour, of Sudley; the Protector Somerset; Lady Jane Grey, and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley; and numerous other persons

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him learn more in one little dark corner of the all these wrongs; a young woman, with a sound Tower, than in all his many travels.

constitution, and its concomitant-a light and cheerful spirit, might have forgotten them gradually in the full sunshine of prosperity; but Mary was thirty-seven years old, an age at which it is difficult to erase any deep impressions; and partly through the effects of long years of grief and fear, and partly through the defects of her original formation, her constitution was shattered, and the ill-humour and moroseness of the confirmed valetudinarian were superadded to the other fertile causes which were to make her a curse to the nation.

This unhappy woman, with an unhealthy mind in an unsound body, had all along considered Cranmer as the greatest enemy of her mother, whose divorce he had pronounced. After being left at large from the day of her entrance into London to the 14th or 15th of September, the archbishop was suddenly arrested and committed to the Tower, with Latimer and some others. There is an immediate cause assigned by some writers for his arrest at this moment. Men remembered Cranmer's conduct in the days of King Henry, when he sat at the head of tribunals which sentenced Protestants to the flames; he was generally believed to be deficient in that extreme courage which braves torture and death; and it was reported of him, that, in order to pay court to this most Catholic queen, he had engaged

On the day after these executions, Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, was made chancellor; and, on the Sunday following, the old Catholic service was sung in Latin in St. Paul's Church. It was fully expected that the active Gardiner, would proceed at once to extremities against the Protestant party; but for a short time there was an awful pause. The Emperor Charles, whom she consulted on all affairs of importance, strongly advised the queen to proceed in everything with the utmost caution-to wait the effect of time and example on the religious faith of her people -to punish only her principal enemies, and to quiet the apprehensions of the rest, who might be driven to desperation by over-severity.' Mary replied, "God, who has protected me in all my misfortunes, is my trust. I will not show him my gratitude fardily and in secret, but immediately and openly." She was fain, however, to issue a public declaration that she would constrain nobody in religious matters, but must only insist that her people should refrain from the offensive expressions of "Papist" and "heretic." But the spirit of the zealot was not to be wholly repressed by any considerations of political expediency. It was only nine days after the issuing of the proclamation that she had caused mass to be sung in the first church in the city of London; and she proceeded to establish a most rigo-to restore the rites of the old church, and to offirous censorship of the press, and to prohibit all persons from speaking against herself or her council, because all that they did, or might do, was for the honour of God and the welfare of her subjects' immortal souls. There can be no doubt that Mary was sincere in her convictions: she was an honest fanatic, but her fanaticism was only the more dangerous from her honesty, and the persuasion which she held in common with other zealots, that all her plans were for the service of the Almighty. Even the darkest aud fiercest passions were in her case masked by religion, and by filial piety; and it appeared to her a sacred duty to avenge on the reforming party the wrongs and sufferings of her mother Catherine. Mary's youth had been passed in gloom and in storms; her father had alternately threatened to make her a nun and to take off her head; he and his ministers had forced her to sign a paper in which she formally acknowledged that the church she adored was a cheat, and that the mother who bore her had never been her father's lawful wife. From the time of the marriage of Anne Boleyn she had been persecuted, insulted, and driven from place to place, almost like a common criminal and vagabond. A woman of an angelic tem-lished such a bold manifesto. Some accounts seem to say that per might, by miraculous exertion, have forgiven certain declarations of his were treacherously put into the queen's hands. But Mary wanted no additional provocation to hunt him to infamy and death.

'Ambassades de Renaud, quoted by Raumer,

2 Ibid.

ciate personally in them. He had certainly never shown such courage before, and he could not be blind to the great risk he was running; but, being assisted by the learned Peter Martyr, he wrote and published (it is said) a manifesto of his entire Protestant faith, and his abhorrence of masses and all other abominations of the Popish superstition. A few days after his arrest, Queen Mary went to the Tower by water, accompanied by the Princess Elizabeth and other ladies. This was preparatory to the coronation. On the last day oi September the queen rode in great state from the Tower, through the city of London, towards Westminster, sitting in a chariot covered with cloth of gold.

Before her rode a number of gentlemen and knights, then judges, then doctors, then bishops, then lords, then the council: after whom followed the knights of the Bath in their robes; the Bishop of Winchester, lord-chance!lor; the Marquis of Winchester, lord high-treasurer; the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Oxford, bearing the sword of state; and the lordmayor of London, bearing the sceptre of gold. After the queen's chariot Sir Edward Hastings

3 It is certainly by no means clear that Cranmer ever pub

led her horse in hand; and after her horse came another chariot covered all over with white silver cloth, wherein sat side by side, with smiling faces, the Princess Elizabeth and our old faircomplexioned and contented friend THE LADY ANNE OF CLEVES! On the morrow the queen went by water from Whitehall to the old palace of Westminster, and there remained till about noon, and then walked on foot upon blue cloth, which was railed on each side, to St. Peter's Church, where she was solemnly crowned and anointed by Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, who took good care not to omit any of the an

cient rites.'

Five days after the coronation a parliament assembled at Westminster, and both lords and commons soon gave melancholy proofs that they had made up their minds to float with the prevailing current, and to make no efforts for the protection of anything except the estates of the church that had fallen into their own hands. As there was scarcely a member in the upper house but had shared in the spoil in the

time of Henry and Edward, and as it was known that their only anxiety was for the preservation of what they had gotten, no apprehension was entertained of any serious opposition on the part of the peers; and as for the commons, they had long been timid

Edward III., and every species of felony not set down in the statute-book previously to the first year of Henry VIII. They next declared the queen to be legitimate, and annulled the divorce of her mother pronounced by Cranmer, greatly blaming the archbishop for that deed. Then, by one vote, they repealed all the statutes of the late reign that in any way regarded religion, thus returning to the point at which matters stood in the last year of the reign of Henry VIII., when most of the offices and ceremonies of the Roman church, the doctrine of transubstantiation, the celibacy of the clergy, and other matters odious to Protestants, were fully insisted upon. The queen neither renounced the title of supreme head of the church-a title most odious, frightful, or ridiculous to Catholic ears-nor pressed

QUEEN MARY.-After Zucchero.

for a restitution of the abbey lands; though, to give proof of her own disinterestedness, she prepared to restore of her own free-will all property of that kind which had been attached to the crown. It was quite certain that the lords, who were so compliant ir matters of doctrine and faith, that concerned their souls, would have offered a vigorous resistance to any bill that touched their estates or their goods and chattels; and Mary had been well warned on this point." Gardiner, who had already dismissed all such

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and subservient in the extreme, and on the pre- | of the Protestant bishops as would not conform or

sent occasion, out of a prudent regard to their personal safety, those who were not Papists had contrived to keep away from parliament. The very first act of the new parliament was decisive: proceedings were opened in each of the houses by celebrating high mass; and the men who, a few years before, had voted the observance to be damnable, all fell on their knees at the elevation of the host. Only Taylor, Bishop of Lincoln, refused to kneel; for which he was harshly treated, and kicked or thrust out of the House of Lords. The first bill that was passed, in imitation of what was done by the Protestant party at the accession of the late king, abolished every species of treason not contained in the statute of

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enter into a compromise, now summoned the corvocation, to settle once more all doubts and disputations concerning the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. With the exception of a few words spoken by John Ailmer, Richard Cheney, John Philpot, James Hadden, and Walter Philips, the Papists had it all their own way. Harpsfield, the Bishop of London's chaplain, who opened the convocation with a sermon, set no limits to his exultation; and, in the vehemence of his joy and gratitude, he compared Queen Mary to all the females of greatest celebrity in Holy Writ and the Apocrypha, not even excepting the Virgin Mary. It would scarcely be expected by people of ordinary imagination that it was possible for any one to surpass the hyperbole of Harpsfield; and yet this feat seems fairly to have been performed by Weston, the prolocutor.

2 Parl. Jour.; Despatches of Noailles; Burnet.

113

After these orations the convocation proceeded | preaching at Paul's Cross in defence of Queen to business, and in some matters came to impor- Jane's title, and for "heretical pravity;" Poynet, tant decisions without waiting for the authority who had held the bishopric of Winchester during either of the queen or the parliament, being sure Gardiner's deprivation and imprisonment, was of the one and entertaining a well-merited con- also committed to prison for being married. tempt for the other. They declared the Book Taylor, Bishop of Lincoln, who had refused to of Common Prayer to be an abomination; they kneel at the elevation of the host in the House called for the immediate suppression of the re- of Lords, was deprived "for thinking amiss conformed English Catechism; they recommended cerning the eucharist;" Hooper, Bishop of Worthe most violent measures against all such of the cester and Gloucester, for having a wife, and clergy as would not forthwith dismiss their other demerits; Harley, Bishop of Hereford, for wives, and adopt the Catholic opinion as to the wedlock and heresy; Ferrar, Bishop of St. David's, real presence. In London and the great cities, | for the same offences; Bird, Bishop of Chester, where the Protestant doctrine had taken deeper for marriage. Coverdale of Exeter, the transroot, the change, though rapid, was somewhat lator of the Bible, was also ejected and thrown less sudden; but in the rural districts generally, into prison, where he lay two years, not without where the population had never been properly danger of being burned. Barlow of Bath and converted, the mass re-appeared at once, and Wells, and Bush of Bristol, voluntarily resigned every part of the Reformed service was thrown their sees. aside even before any express orders to that effect from court or from convocation. Hosts of priests, and particularly the residue of the abbeys and monasteries, who had conformed to save their lives or to obtain the means of supporting themselves, declared that they had acted under compulsion, and joyfully returned to their Latin masses, their confessions, their holy water, and the rest. Many again, who really preferred the Reformed religion, were fain to conform to what they disapproved of, just as their opponents had done in the preceding reign, and from the same worldly motives. But still there were many married priests who would on no account part with their wives, or receive, as the rules of salvation, tenets which, for years, they had condemned as the inventions of the devil. Some, also, there were who had made to themselves, by their intolerance in the days of their prosperity, bitter enemies among those who were now in the ascendent. The prisons began to fill with Protestant clergymen of these classes; and others of them, being deprived of their livings, were thrown upon the highways to beg or starve, as the monks had been in the days of Henry VIII., their condition being so much the worse as they had wives and children.

About half of the English bishops, bending to the storm, conformed, in all outward appearances, with the triumphant sect.' Those who did not, or who were peculiarly obnoxious to the dominant party, were deprived of their sees and whatever they possessed, and cast into prison. We have already seen Cranmer and Latimer sent to the Tower. Shortly after, Holgate, Archbishop of York, was committed to the same state prison for marriage; and Ridley, Bishop of London, for

In this number were some who were really Catholics all along, and who had strained their consciences by conformity in the Just reigns. Insincere then, they were sincere now.

On the 13th of November Cranmer was brought to trial for high treason, together with the Lady Jane Grey, her youthful husband Lord Guildford Dudley, and his brother Lord Ambrose Dudley. They were all condemned to suffer death as traitors, by the very men who a short time before had acted with them, and had sworn allegiance to Jane; but the youth of three of these victims to the ambition and imbecility of others excited a lively sympathy in the nation, and the queen sent them back to the Tower, apparently with no intention of ever bringing them to the block. Even the fourth victim, Cranmer, was respited, and was pardoned of his treason; but he was sent back to the Tower on the equally perilous charge of heresy. He was strongly advised by his friends, both before his apprehension and also now, to attempt to escape out of the kingdom, but he is said to have replied, that his trust was in God, and in his holy word, and that he had resolved to show a constancy worthy of a Christian prelate. He repeatedly professed to have a great desire to be admitted to a private audience of the queen; but Mary had no inclination to receive the man who had sealed her mother's dishonour, and the party about her seconded this strong and natural feeling of aversion.

Before parliament was dissolved the attainder of the old Duke of Norfolk was legally reversed, it being declared, with some reason, that no special matter had been proved either against him or his son the Earl of Surrey, except the wearing of part of a coat-of-arms. On the 21st of December, a few days after the dissolution of parliament, the church service began to be performed in Latin throughout England. At the same time the Lady Jane had the liberty of the Tower granted her, being allowed to walk in the

2 Strupe: Collier: Soames, Hist. Reform.: Blunt.

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