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any rights she might be supposed to have to the Euglish throne. Northumberland therefore proposed to bring the crown into his own family by securing it for the head of his new daughter-in-rushing into the room in the greatest fury, called law the Lady Jane.

they had found that to draw such an instrument as was proposed, would subject them to the pains of treason. Upon this, Northumberland came

Having without difficulty induced the Duchess of Suffolk to transfer her right to her eldest daughter, he proceeded to unfold his plan to the king. Before the anxious mind of the dying boy, over whom he had acquired an extraordinary influence, he placed an alarming representation of the dangers and calamities that were likely to arise from the succession of either of his sisters. Mary, the elder, was a bigoted Papist, and would certainly, the moment that she ascended the throne, proceed to undo all that had been done during her brother's reign, in the settlement of the true religion; yet she could not be set aside without urging a plea-that of her illegitimacy -which would at the same time equally exclude Elizabeth. The only safe course, therefore, was to pass by both; and in that case Edward's cousin, the amiable, accomplished, and thoroughly Protestant Lady Jane Grey, was obviously the person fittest to be named as his successor. Edward acquiesced in the force of these arguments; and assuming himself to be entitled to exercise the same powers which had been used by his father Henry, he determined upon having a new entail of the crown executed to the effect the duke had proposed. Having sketched with his own pen a draft of the instrument, and signed a fair copy of it with his name above and below and on each margin, he sent, on the 11th of June, for Sir Edward Montague, chief-justice of the Common Pleas, Sir Thomas Bromley, one of the puisne justices of the same court, Sir Richard Baker, chancellor of the augmentations, and Gosnold and Gryffyn, the attorney and solicitor general, to attend the council at Greenwich. When they came to him the next day, be received them in the presence of several of the counsellors, shortly stated to them what he had made up his mind upon doing, and the reasons that had weighed with him, and desired them to draw up the instrument in the proper legal form. They objected that the act of parliament which settled the succession could not be taken away in the manner proposed; but the king persisted in the command he had given. On the 14th they returned and intimated that, upon looking into the statutes,

Montague a traitor, and threatened him and the rest, "so that they thought he would have beaten them." He said he was ready to fight any man in his shirt, in so just a quarrel. In the end they were commanded to retire for the present; but the next day they were again sent for-and first Montague and then the others suffered themselves to be partly persuaded, partly brow-beaten, into consenting to draw the will, the king declaring that it was his intention to have it ratified in the parliament which was summoned to meet in September, and agreeing to give them under the great seal both a commission to perform the act, and a pardon for having performed it. The instrument accordingly was duly prepared, and, having been engrossed on parchment and carried to the Chancery, had the great seal affixed to it. After this, on the 21st, it received the signatures of all the lords of the council, of most of the judges, and of the attorney and solicitor general. Twenty-four members of the council, with Archbishop Cranmer at their head, had also before this, on the command of Northumberland, signed another paper, pledging their oaths and honour to "observe every article contained in his majesty's own device respecting the succession, subscribed with his majesty's hand in six several places, and delivered to certain judges and other learned men, that it might be written in full order;" to defend it to the uttermost; and if any man should ever attempt to alter it, to repute him an enemy to the kingdom, and to punish him as he deserved.

Edward survived the completion of this transaction only a few days. It is said that when his physicians declared they had no hope of his recovery, he was intrusted to the care of a woman who offered to undertake his cure. Under the woman's treatment he grew worse every day, and the physicians were soon recalled; but he still continued to sink; and on the evening of the 6th of July, while engaged in prayer, he breathed his last, having lived fifteen years, eight months, and twenty-two days, and entered upon the sixth month of the seventh year of his reign.

1 Burnet.

VOL. II.

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CHAPTER XI.-CIVIL AND MILITARY HISTORY.—A. D. 1553–1554.

MARY.-ACCESSION, A.D. 1553-DEATH, A.D. 1558.

Blunders of the Duke of Northumberland on the death of Edward VI.-Lady Jane Grey proclaimed queenCounter-proclamation of Mary-Duke of Northumberland takes command of the army against Mary-Her cause adopted by the people-Northumberland joins in proclaiming her-He is arrested and imprisoned— Politic conduct of the Princess Elizabeth-The Popish bishops released from confinement-The Duke of Northumberland and his chief adherents tried and executed - Popery restored - Persecuting symptoms shown by Mary-Cranmer imprisoned-Mary's coronation-Worship paid to her by the Popish party-Protestantism condemned and Protestants persecuted-Protestant bishops imprisoned-The Protestant pulpits silenced-Mary's partiality for the Earl of Devon-Proposals for her marriage to Philip of Spain-The terms of the marriage treaty-It occasions Wyatt's rebellion-First successes of the rebellion-The rebels attempt to gain possession of London-They are defeated-Execution of Wyatt and his accomplices-Elizabeth arrested and examined as privy to the rebellion-Her letter to her sister Mary-Elizabeth committed to the Tower-Execution of Lady Jane Grey-Execution of the Duke of Suffolk, her father-Elizabeth released from the Tower-Arrival of Philip in England-His marriage with the queen-His attempts to win popularity in England-The fears of the holders of church lands quieted-Cardinal Pole recalled to England-Jealousy of the English at Philip's proceedings-Mary's hopes of producing an heir to the throne-Joy of the Papists on the occasion-Their disappointment.

HE talent and decision of the Earl of Northumberland were far from being equal to his ambition. Although the death of Edward must have been expected for months, that event seems to have taken him by surprise, or at least in a very unprepared state. In order to gain a little time, he determined to conceal the king's death-a common enough practice in despotic governments, and one which, as we have seen, had also been adopted on the demise of Henry VIII. He had even neglected the important measure of getting possession of the persons of the two princesses. The Lady Mary, it appears, had been summoned to attend her half-brother Edward on his death-bed; but having long been acquainted with Northumberland's secret practices, she showed no anxiety for this journey to London, where her enemies were in their full strength. The summons was now repeated, as if Edward, though in extremity, were still alive; and Mary at last moved reluctantly from Hunsdon in Hertfordshire. But the Earl of Arundel' despatched messengers to inform her that her brother was dead, and that Northumberland, who was plotting to place the Lady Jane Grey on the throne, only wanted to make her a prisoner. On receiving this intelligence, Mary, who had advanced within a half a day's journey of the capital, changed her route, and went to Framlingham Castle in Suffolk,

According to another account, the timely warning was first given by Mary's goldsmith, despatched from London by Nicholas Throckmorton, who, though a Protestant, had a great veneration for legitimacy. In many breasts the latter feeling was strong enough to overcome the religious objection. A little later Throckmorton had a narrow escape from the block.

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seated near the sea, whence, if fortune frowned, she might easily embark and flee to the Flemish dominions of her relative the Emperor Charles. The Lady Elizabeth was in Hertfordshire: she had been summoned to court in the like manner as her half-sister Mary, and was also warned of the real state of affairs by some personal friend, who is generally supposed to have been Sir William Cecil. She therefore remained where she was.2

Northumberland, having two days together consulted with his friends and dependants as to the best way of managing this great affair-the king's death being still kept secret-commanded the attendance, at Greenwich (where the dead body was lying), of the lord-mayor of London, six aldermen, and twelve other citizens "of chiefest account." On the 8th of July the mayor, the aldermen, and the citizens, went down to Greenwich, where Northumberland and some of the council secretly declared to them the death of the king, as also how, by his last will, and by his letters - patent, he had appointed and ordained that the Lady Jane should be his successor in the throne and sovereignty. The deputation, being shown the royal will, swore allegiance to Lady Jane, and were bound under a great penalty not to divulge these "secret passages" until they should receive orders from the council. The long conference being thus satisfactorily ended, the duke and three other lords repaired to Sion House, announced to Jane her elevation, and tendered their homage upon their knees; but her answer to their congratulations was a flood of

2 Stow; Holinshed; Godwin Strype: Aikin. Memoirs of the Court af Blizabeth.

bitter tears. Grievous indeed to her was the ment and of elegant literature, and so acconichange which transferred her from that silent plished that she read Plato in the original Greek.' mansion and her congenial studies, to the din of In the meanwhile Mary's friends had exerted

themselves in Suffolk, in Norfolk, and in Cambridgeshire, where the people detested Northumberland on account of his severity in suppressing the recent rebellion in those parts. There was indeed a very strong party among them that inclined to the Reformation; but when Mary solemnly pledged herself to make no change in the religion or laws of Edward, even these men embraced her cause-the cause of legitimacy-with zeal and affection. It was a struggle between the love of hereditary right and the attachment to the new order of things in the church, and the former feeling prevailed. The council and a great number of the nobility had gone to the Tower with Lady Jane, where Northumberland, in a manner, kept them prisoners; but other men of high rank who were in the provinces had hastened to join Mary as soon as they learned where she was. Forces, raised to serve the Lady

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SION HOUSE.-From Beauties of England and Wales

a metropolis and the troubles of an uncertain throne. On the 10th of July, about three o'clock in the afternoon, Lady Jane Grey was conveyed by water to the Tower of London, and there publicly received as queen; for Northumberland was by this time informed not only of the flight of Mary, but of her being so well aware of all that was passing that she was summoning the nobility to her standard. In the course of the evening after Lady Jane's safe arrival at the Tower, the death of King Edward was publicly divulged for the first time, and Jane was proclaimed queen in the city, with somewhat less than the usual formality. The people of London were cold and silent, many of them whispering the name of Queen Mary, and very few of them entering into the spirit of this revolution in the order of succession. The amiable victim of the ambition of others had never entertained any sanguine hopes, and had resisted the project to the utmost. "So far was she from any desire of this advancement, she began to act her part of royalty with many tears, thus plainly showing to those who had access to her that she was forced by her relations and friends to this high but dangerous post." She was in the bloom of her youth, graceful and pretty if not beautiful-most amiable and unaffected-quiet, modest, attached to her young husband and her domestic duty-fond of retire- Jane or Northumberland, went over in a mass;

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This mansion, situated on the Thames about two miles above Chiswick, is named from a convent of Bridgeteries, founded in 1414 by Henry V. After the suppression of the monasteries, the buildings were retained by the crown during the reign of Henry VIII., and were granted by Edward VI. to Protector Somerset, who founded on the site of the monastic building the noble residence, which has long been a seat of the Northumberland family. On the attainder of Somerset, the mansion reverted to the crown, but was shortly after granted to John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, and it became the residence of Lord Guildford Dudley, his son, husband of Lady Jane Grey. The estate was again for

LADY JANE GREY.-After Holbein.

feited to the crown by the attainder of the Duke of Northumberland; and in 1557, Queen Mary re-established the monastery. On the accession of Elizabeth, the monastery was again dissolved: and in 1604, the house was granted to Henry Percy, ninth Earl of Northumberland. Algernon Percy, son of the above nobleman, and tenth Earl of Northumberland, had the buildings at Sion thoroughly repaired under the direction of Inigo Jones. Although a structure of magnificent dimensions, the exterior of Sion House is without ornament. Some remains of the monastic buildings are still preserved.

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and even a small fleet which was sent down the coast to intercept her in case she should attempt to quit England, declared against the usurpation, and hoisted her flag. On the 12th of July, Mary sent an order to Norwich for her proclamation in that important city. The municipal authorities hesitated, being not yet certain of the king's death; but the next day they not only proclaimed her, but also sent her men and ammunition. She had already written to the members of the council to claim the throne, which she said belonged to her by right of birth, by the decision of parliament, and by the will of her father. The council, who were at the mercy of Northumberland, replied that her claims were opposed by the invalidity of her mother's marriage, by custom, by the last will of King Edward, and by the general voice of the people! They had scarcely despatched tais answer from the Tower, when they learned that Mary had moved to Kenninghall in Norfolk, and had been there joined by the Earls of Bath and Sussex, Sir Thomas Wharton, son to the Lord Wharton, Sir John Mordaunt, Sir William Drury, Sir John Shelton, Sir Henry Bedingfield, and many other gentlemen of rank and influence. Northumberland now found himself in a dilemma: he dreaded the cabals of the counsellors and courtiers if he left them behind, and he knew not whom to trust with the command of the army if he did not go himself with it. At last he thought of placing the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father, at the head of the forces, which were to fall upon Mary before she should gain more strength, and, if possible, get possession of her person and bring her to the Tower. But Suffolk had no great military reputation, and Northumberland was more than half afraid of trusting him alone, while the council, for their own safety, were bent upon making the chief plotter go himself. Their manoeuvre was facilitated by the filial tenderness of Lady Jane, who, "taking the matter heavily," with sighs and tears requested that her dear father might tarry at home in her company. "Whereupon the council persuaded with the Duke of Northumberland to take that voyage upon himself, saying, that no man was so fit therefor, because that he had achieved the victory in Norfolk once already, and was so feared there that none durst lift up their weapons against him; besides that he was the best man of war in the realm, as well for the ordering of his camps and soldiers, both in battle and in their tents, as also by experience, knowledge, and wisdom, he could animate his army with witty persuasions, and also pacify and allay his enemies' pride with his stout courage, or else dissuade them, if need were, from their enterprise. Finally, said they, this is the short and long, the queen will in nowise grant that her

father shall take it upon him." "Well," quoth the duke, "since ye think it good, I and mine will go, not doubting of your fidelity to the queen's majesty, which I leave in your custody."' On the morrow, early in the morning, the duke called for his own harness, and saw it made ready at Durham Place, where he appointed all his retinue to meet. In the course of the day carts were laden with ammunition, and artillery and field-pieces were sent forward. When all was ready, Northumberland made a tender appeal to the feelings of the council who were to be left behind, telling them that he and the noble personages about to march with him would freely adventure their bodies and lives in the good cause, and reminding them that they left their children and families at home committed to their truth and fidelity. He also reminded them of their recent oaths of allegiance to the queen's highness, the virtuous Lady Jane, "who," said he, "by your and our enticement, is rather of force placed on the throne than by her own seeking and request;" and in the end he bade them consider that the cause of God, the promotion of the gospel, and the fear of the Papists, the original grounds upon which they had given their good-will and consent to the proclaiming of Queen Jane, bound them to the cause for which he was preparing to fight. Though nearly every man present had made up his mind to declare for Queen Mary as soon as his back should be turned, they all promised and vowed to support the good cause, and Northumberland departed. But as he marched with his small army of 6000 men through the city, his spirits were damped by the manner and countenance of the people, who ran to gaze at his passage, and he could not help bidding his officers observe that of that great multitude not so much as one man had wished them success, or bade them "God speed." On the Sunday after his departure, Ridley, Bishop of London, whose whole soul was in the revolution as the only likely means to prevent the return of Papistry, preached at Paul's Cross, most eloquently showing the people the right and title of the Lady Jane, and inveighing earnestly not only against the Lady Mary but also against the Lady Elizabeth, of whose religion, it is evident, that doubts were entertained. The Londoners listened in silence. On that same Sunday, the 16th of July, the lord-treasurer stole out of the Tower to his house in the city, evidently to make arrangements for the council going over in a body to Mary. He returned in the night, and two days after, Cecil, Cranmer, and the rest of the counsellors, persuaded the imbecile Duke of Suffolk that it was very necessary to levy fresh. forces and to place them in better hands—tha'

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is, in their own; and that, to be of full use in support of his daughter Queen Jane, they, her trusty and loyal council, must be permitted to leave the Tower, and hold their sittings at Baynard's Castle, then the residence of the Earl of Pembroke. The council were no sooner arrived at that house than they declared, with one voice, for Queen Mary, and instantly despatched the Earl of Arundel, Sir William Paget, and Sir William Cecil, to notify their submission and exceeding great loyalty. In the course of the same day the council summoned the lord-mayor

BAYNARD'S CASTLE.'-From a print by Hollar.

and the aldermen to Baynard's Castle, and told them that they must ride with them "into Cheap" to proclaim a new queen; and forthwith they all rode together to that street, where Master Garter, king-at-arms, in his rich coat, stood with a trumpet, and the trumpet being sounded, they proclaimed the Lady Mary, daughter to King Henry VIII. and Queen Catherine, to be Queen of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and Supreme Head of the Church! "And to add more majesty to their act by some devout solemnity, they went in procession to Paul's, singing that admirable hymn of those holy fathers St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, commonly known by its first words Te Deum." The people seemed to triumph greatly in this triumph of hereditary right; and all were joyful except a few who were zealously attached to the new religion, and well acquainted with the fierce intolerance of Mary. The council then detached some companies to besiege the Tower; but the timid Duke of Suffolk opened the gates to them as soon

This castle, situated on the banks of the Thames, was founded by Baynard, a follower of William the Conqueror. It was for feited to the crown in 1111, by one of his descendants. Henry 1. bestowed it on Robert Fitz-Richard, a grandson of Gilbert Earl Clare. To this family, in right of the castle, appertained the office of castellan and banner-bearer of the city of London. The castle was burned in 1428, and was rebuilt by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. On his death it was granted by Henry VI. to Richard, Duke of York. The castle was repaired or rebuilt

as they appeared, and entering his daughter's chamber, told her that she must be content to be unqueened and return to a private station. It is said that the Lady Jane expressed joy rather than sorrow, and hoped that her willing relinquishment of the honours that had been forced upon her, and her ingenuous conduct, would palliate the error she had committed. While she returned to prayer in an inner room, her father posted off to Baynard's Castle, where he joined the rest of the council, and subscribed the decrees they were issuing in the name of Queen Mary!

In the meantime the Duke of Northumberland, who had marched as far as Bury, perceiving that the succours promised him did not come to hand, and receiving letters of discomfort from some of the council, had fallen back upon Cambridge, where, it should seem, he learned the defection of the fleet, and of the land troops that had been raised in the counties. He reached Cambridge on the 18th of July, the day before the proclamation of Mary, in London; and on the 20th of July, the day after that event, of which it appears he was well informed, he, with such of the nobility as were in his company, went to the market-cross of the town of Cambridge, and calling for a herald, proclaimed Queen Mary, and was himself the first man there to throw up his cap and cry, "God save her!" He had scarcely played this part, in the hope of saving his neck, when he received a sharp letter from the council in London, commanding him to disband his army and return to his allegiance to the blessed Queen Mary, under penalty of being treated as a traitor. This letter was signed, among others, by Lady Jane's father, the Duke of Suffolk, by Cranmer, and by Cecil. The order, as to the army, was scarcely needed, for most of the men had disbanded of their own accord, and almost all the lords and officers who had hitherto followed him, had passed over to Mary, and made their peace by accusing Northumberland as the sole author and cause of their taking up arms against their lawful queen. On the following day, while the duke was still loitering at Cambridge, not knowing whether to flee for his life or to trust to Mary's mercy, and the encouraging circumstance that some of the council, in reality, and all, in appearance, had shared in his treason, he was arrested by the Earl of by Henry VII. According to an old view, it included a square court with an octagonal tower in the centre, and two in the front, between which were square buttresses rising the whole height of the building, with the windows in pairs one above the other. It had access to the river by a bridge and stairs. The castle was possessed by the Earl of Shrewsbury, when it was destroyed in the great fire of 1666. A vestige of one of the octagonal towers may still be seen in the river wall of a wharf which now occupies its site, near the western extremity of Thames Street.

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