and stronghold of the French Protestants. But this fleet was detained by contrary winds; the Huguenots were defeated in the interval, and then Elizabeth made fresh protestations, and issued a proclamation against privateers and all such as made war without her license upon the French king. Her conduct had irritated the French court to the extreme, and as the power of the Protestants in France seemed to be broken, it was resolved, by parties as crafty as herself, to give encouragement, if not more, to the Catholics in England, and to excite an interest in all the Papistical countries of the Continent in favour of the captive Mary. The Duke of Alva entered into this scheme; a Floreutine, named Rudolfi, well acquainted with England, acted as agent for the pope; and sanguine hopes were entertained, if not of restoring England to the bosom of the church, of distracting and weakening her by internal dissensions.

The penal statutes against the professors of the old religion had gradually increased in severity, and as the Catholics triumphed on the Continent, their religion became more and more an object of suspicion and of persecution in England. Elizabeth cared little for the dogmas of either church. She was altogether free from intolerance as to speculative opinions in religion, unless they went to weaken the royal prerogative. Her intolerance was all of a political kind, and she persecuted, not because men believed in the real presence, but because she believed that no Catholic could possibly be a loyal subject.' In the month of October, immediately after the Duke of Norfolk's arrest, the counties of York, Durham, and Northumberland betrayed symptoms of open insurrection. Doctor Nicholas Morton came from Rome with the title of Apostolical Penitentiary. This emissary was the more effective as he was a man of energy and ability, and connected with some of the best families in the north. At the same time Queen Mary had found means to establish a correspondence with the Catholic Earl of Northumberland, with the Earl of Westmoreland, whose wife was the Duke of Norfolk's sister, with Egremont Ratcliffe, brother of the Earl of Sussex, Leonard Dacre, the Tempests, the Nortons, and the Marquenfields. Most of these noblemen were excited by many motives, the chief of which was the restoration of the Catholic faith in England. Their ostensible leader was the Earl of Northumberland, a very munificent but a very weak lord. He talked imprudently and did nothing; and when at last, in the middle of November, he put himself in motion, it was only There were, however, occasional exceptions. Matthew Ham- | mond, a Unitarian, was burned alive in the castle ditch of Norwich! But this poor man had also spoken what were called "words of blasphemy against the queen's majesty and others of her council."- Stor.

because he was frightened out of bed at the dead of night in his house at Topcliffe in Yorkshire, by a panic-fear that a royal force was approaching to seize him. He then rode in haste to the castle of Branspeth, where he found Norfolk's brother-in-law, the Earl of Westmoreland, surrounded with friends and retainers, all ready to take arms for what they considered a holy cause. On the morrow, the 16th of November, they openly raised their banner. If an ingenious stratagem had succeeded, that banner would have floated over the liberated Mary. The Countess of Northumberland had endeavoured to get access to the captive queen, in the disguise of a nurse, in the intention of exchanging clothes with her that she might escape. But as this device had miscarried, the insurgents proposed marching to Tutbury Castle to lil erate the queen by force of arms. They issued a proclamation calling upon all good Catholics to join them, and, marching to Durham, they burnt the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer, and celebrated mass in the cathedral. From Durham they advanced to Clifford Moor, where they held a council of war, finding to their great discomfort that their forces did not increase that the people south of them regarded their proceedings with horror-and that even many Catholic gentlemen, instead of joining them, were repairing to the royal banner, which was moving northwards with the Earl of Sussex. They also learned that Sir George Bowes was assembling an army in their rear. Under these circumstances an advance was deemed too desperate; and, in fact, if they had got to Tutbury they would not have found what they sought, for the Queen of Scots had been removed in great haste to Coventry. With 7000 men Northumberland and Westmoreland retreated to Raby Castle. Their retrograde movement forced Sir George Bowes to throw himself and his forces into Barnard Castle. A part of the insurgent army laid siege to this fortress, which surrendered upon terms in a few days, while the rest besieged and took the seaport town of Hartlepool, where they established themselves, in the confident hope of receiving succour from the Spaniards in the Low Countries, and, if they had not before, they now certainly despatched agents to treat with Alva, the great champion of Catholicism. Meanwhile the royal army lay inactive at York, a circumstance which made Elizabeth suspect the loyalty of the Earl of Sussex, who had been in former times a close friend to the Duke of Norfolk, and whose own brother, Egremont Ratcliffe, was now out with the insurgents. Sir Ralph Sadler was hurried down to York, to exercise his sharp eye and detect what were the real feelings of Sussex.

Cecil's Diary.

fered to exchange Northumberland for Mary. Thus Northumberland remained in captivity in Lochleven. After a while the Earl and Countess of Westmoreland, Egremont Ratcliffe, and the other refugees, were conveyed to the Spanish Netherlands. But the vengeance of the law, unmitigated by any royal mercy, fell upon the retainers and friends of the fugitives. On the 4th and 5th of January threescore and six individuals were executed in Durham alone; and thence Sir George Bowes, with his executioner, traversed the whole country between Newcastle and Netherby, a district sixty miles in length and forty miles in breadth, "and finding many to be fautors in the said rebellion, he did see them executed in every market-town and in every village, as he himself (says Stow) reported unto me." All that country was dotted in every direction with gibbets, Elizabeth imitating pretty closely the conduct of her sanguinary father on the suppression of the Pilgrimage of Grace.

loyalty. He then marched northward. The Duke of Alva had ventured nothing for the insurgents; they were ill supplied with money and provisions, and they retreated towards the Scottish borders. Their infantry presently disbanded and fled in all directions, but a body of about 500 horse dashed into Liddesdale, being escorted by 300 Scottish horse, the partizans of Mary, who had fondly hoped to see them bring their queen with them. Elizabeth instantly demanded that the fugitives should be delivered up; but, notwithstanding all his good-will to serve her, the Regent Moray found it impossible to comply with her request. The Earl of Westmoreland, with his enterprising wife, Egremont Ratcliffe, Norton, Marquenfield, Tempest, and the rest, had been taken under the protection of the Humes, the Scotts, the Kers, and other Border clans, who set the authority of the regent at defiance. Moray, however, bribed Hector Græme, or Graham, of Harlow; and that traitor delivered up the Earl of Northumberland, for which deed the fierce Borderers wished to have Græme's head, that they might eat it among them for supper.' The unfortunate earl was sent by the regent to the castle of Lochleven, the old prison of Queen Mary. When Elizabeth pressed him to deliver up his captive, that she might do justice on him, Moray affected a delicate concern for his own honour and the honour of his country; but he afterwards of

Among the Catholic gentlemen whose loyalty had been suspected by Sadler, was Leonard Dacre, the representative of the ancient family of the Dacres of Gillsland. This bold man had resolved to risk his life and fortunes in the cause of the captive queen, whom he regarded with a romantic devotion: he raised a gallant troop to join Northumberland and Westmoreland; but when those two weak earls fled so hastily, he endeavoured to make Elizabeth believe that he had taken up arms, not for, but against the insurgents. But Elizabeth and her council were seldom overreached or deceived, and an order was sent down to the Earl of Sussex to arrest Dacre, cautiously and secretly, as a traitor. He fled; but he resolved to try his good sword before he submitted to the hard doom of exile and beggary. Within a month from the flight of Northumberland, Dacre was at the head of 3000 English borderers. But before a body of Scots could join him, he was attacked on the banks of the river Gelt by a far superior force, commanded by Lord Hunsdon. Leonard Dacre, however, was not defeated without a desperate battle. He fled across the Borders, where he was received and honourably entertained by some noble friends of Mary, and he soon after passed over to Flanders.

Before this rising of Leonard Dacre the Regent Moray had gone to his account: and it has been reasonably conjectured that the hopes of the English insurgent had been excited by this event in Scotland. On his return from Elizabeth's court, and the mock trial of his sister, Moray had encountered many difficulties; but he had triumphed over them all by means of English money and his own wondrous caution and dexterity. There was one Hamilton of Bothwell-Haugh, who had been made prisoner fighting for Queen Mary at Langside. With other men in the like situation, he had been condemned to death; but the regent had pardoned him and all the rest with a few exceptions. But life was all that was granted to Bothwell-Haugh. His house, his lands, were declared to be forfeited, and were given by the regent to one of his favourites, who brutally drove out Bothwell-Haugh's wife, half-naked, by night, into the fields. The poor woman, who had recently been delivered, became frantic, and in the morning she was found a maniac. Her husband swore that he would make the original author of the horrible injury he had suffered pay for it with his life. He consulted with the Hamiltons, his kinsmen, with the retainers of the Duke of Chatellerault, and these men applauded his design, and assisted him in carrying it into execution. Bothwell-Haugh engaged an empty house in the principal street of Linlithgow, through which the regent was accustomed to pass frequently on his way to and from the palace. There he lurked for some time; but at length, on the 22d of January, 1570, he saw the regent riding up the street, accompanied by Sir Henry Gates, and by Drury, the marshal of Berwick, who had been sent by Elizabeth to treat for the giving up of the Earl of Northumberland and others. He levelled his carabine at Moray, shot him through the body, and then, though hotly pursued, escaped into France.' On the very night of the murder, the Scotts and the Kers dashed across the English frontiers with unusual fury, and apparently with the purpose of producing a breach between the two nations, or of giving fresh encouragement to the malcontents of Northumberland and Westmoreland. It is said that, when intelligence of this untimely death of her half-brother was conveyed to the captive

The subsequent history of this Hamilton of Bothwell-Haugh is little known, but it appears that, forty nine years after murdering the regent, he found a quiet grave in the churchyard of a country parish of Ayrshire.

queen, she wept bitterly, forgetting, for the moment, all the injuries which he had done her.

On Moray's' death, the Duke of Chatellerault and the Earls of Argyle and Huntly assumed the government as the lieutenants of Queen Mary. Kirkaldy of Grange, who had long regretted the overthrow of the queen, and the part he had had in it, put these noblemen in possession of the capital and of Edinburgh Castle. But the opposite faction, or the king's men, as they were called, from their pretended adherence to the infant James, under the guidance of the Earl of Morton, flew to arms, denied the authority of Mary, and invited Elizabeth to send a strong English army to their support. This was precisely what Elizabeth intended to do for her own interests. In the month of April, under the pretence of chastising those who had made the raid in her doninions on the night of Moray's murder, she sent two armies into Scotland. The Lord Scrope entered on the west, the Earl of Sussex with Lord Hunsdon on the east. According to no less an authority than Secretary Cecil, Sussex and Hunsdon, entering into Teviotdale, gave 300 villages to the flames, and overthrew fifty castles

mostly, no doubt, mere Border peels. Nor was the raid of the Lord Scrope in the west less destructive. After a week's campaign of this sort, the two armies returned out of Scotland, and the Earl of Lennox, the father of Darnley and the grandfather of the young king, was sent down from England, as a proper person to have the rule, by Elizabeth, who of late had taken hin. into favour. But Lennox presently found that he could do nothing without an English army at his back; and on the 26th of April, Sussex and Hunsdon entered Scotland anew, and laid siege to Hume Castle and Fast Castle, both belonging to the Earl of Hume, who was doubly obnoxious for his friendship to Mary, and for his having given an asylum to Elizabeth's rebels. Both castles were taken, but none of the English refugees of any note were found in them. On the 11th of May, Sir William Drury, the marshal of Berwick, penetrated into Scotland with another force, consisting of 1200 foot and 400 horse. Having received hostages from the king's men, Drury marched to co-operate with the Earl of Lennox, who was engaged in laying waste the

during his vigorous administration. His Catholic countryme.. abroad bestowed the highest commendations on his moral cha racter, which are not impugned by one authenticated fact. But a powerful party has for nearly three centuries defamed and maligned him, in order to extract from the perversion of history an hypothetical web to serve as a screen for his unhappy sister; in the formation of which they are compelled to assume, that she did nothing which she appeared to have done; and that he did all that he appears to have cautiously abstained from doing." -Sir James Mackintosh, History of England.

vale of the Clyde, and destroying the castles of the Duke of Chatellerault and the houses of all that bore the name of Hamilton. Their vengeance was so terrible, that that great family, with nearly the entire clan, was brought to the verge of ruin. Drury returned to Berwick on the 3d of June, having done a great deal in the way of destruction in a very short time.'

which they denounced the immorality and wantonness of the court.3

On the 2d of April a parliament A.D. 1571. met at Westminster, wherein was granted a subsidy of 5s. in the pound by the clergy, besides two-fifteenths and a subsidy of 28. 8d. in the pound on the laity, "towards reimbursing her majesty for her great charges in repressing the late rebellion in the north, and pursuing the rebels and their faitours into Scotland." But there was other business of a more remarkable nature than this liberal voting of supplies. A bill was brought in with the object of crushing the pretensions and the partizans of the Scottish queen, and isolating the English Catholics more than ever from the pope and their co religionists on the Continent. It was declared to be high treason to claim a right to the succession of the crown, during the queen's life, or to say that the crown belonged to any other person than the queen, or to publish that she was an heretic, a schismatic, a tyrant, an infidel, or usurper, or to deny that the descent of the crown was determinable by the statutes made in parliament. It was further enacted that any person that should, by writing or printing, mention any heir of the queen, except the same were the natural issue of her body,' should, for the first offence, suffer a year's imprisonment; and, for the second, incur the penalty of præmunire. Another bill enacted the pains of high treason against all such as should sue for, obtain, or put in use any bull or other instrument from the Bishop of Rome. By another bill all persons above a certain age were bound, not only to attend the Protestant church regularly, but also to receive the sacrament in the form by law established. Besides the unfortunate insurgents of the north, many individuals of rank, among whom was Lord Morley, had retired to the Continent in order to avoid persecution, or a compliance with forms of worship which they believed to be erroneous and sinful. Another bill was therefore brought in, commanding every person who had left, or who might hereafter leave the realm, whether with or without the queen's license, to return in six months after warning by proclamation, under the pain of forfeiting his goods and chattels and the profits of his lands. By these enactments the Catholics could neither remain at home without offence to their consciences, nor go abroad without sacrificing their fortunes. There was a

It was during these flying campaigns in Scotland that the pope, Pius V., found a man bold enough to affix his bulì of excommunication to the gates of the Bishop of London's town resideuce. Elizabeth and her council seem to have been thrown into a wonderful consternation, as if they were not aware that the thunders of the Vatican had become an empty noise. The gentlemen of the inns of court were still suspected of being unsound in religion: the first search and inquest seems to have been made among them, and another copy of the bull was found in the chamber of a student of Lincoln's Inn. The poor student was presently stretched on the rack, and then, to escape torture, he confessed that he had received the paper or parchment from John Felton, a gentleman of property who lived near Southwark. Felton was apprehended and stretched upon the same infernal instrument: he acknowledged, before he was laid upon the rack, that it was indeed he who had affixed the bull on the gates, but more than this no torture could force from him. He was kept in the Tower from the 25th of May to the 4th of August, when he was arraigned at Guildhall, and found guilty of high treason. Felton bore his horrible fate like an enthusiast, elevated by the conviction that he had been doing God service; but, at the same time, to show that he bore the queen, personally, no malice, he drew a diamond ring from his finger of the value of £400, and sent it to her as a present. His wife had been maid of honour to Mary and a friend to Elizabeth. A conspiracy made by certain gentlemen and others in the county of Norfolk was detected a short time after the exhibition of the bull of excommunication; but it appears that there was no connection between the two things. John Throgmorton of Norwich, Thomas Brook of Rolesby, and George Redman of Cringleford, all people of condition, and devoted friends to the Duke of Norfolk, were arrested, tried, and all three hanged, drawn, and quartered. In the evidence produced against them was a proclamation of their composition, in

2

of the following year, which, if nothing more, is very oddly expressed. "We have no news here," says Leicester, "only her majesty is in good health; and though you may hear of bruits of the contrary, I assure you it is not as hath been reported. Somewhat her majesty hath been troubled with a spice or show of the mother, but, indeed, not so-the fits that she hath had. have not been above a quarter of an hour, but yet this little in her hath bred strange bruits here at home."-Digges. 125-6