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Several cases have been decided by this court involving the interpretation and validity of chapter 142 of the Laws of 1873, but not one of such cases is applicable to this case, though some of the principles enunciated therein may have some application to this case. Commissioners of Sedgwick Co. v. Bunker, 16 Kan. 498; Commissioners of Ottawa Co. v. Nelson, 19 Kan. 234; Chandler v. Reynolds, Id. 249; Commissioners of Marion Co. v. Commissioners of Harvey Co., 26 Kan. 181. The act of 1873 was retrospective in its operation, as well as the act of 1883, but its retroactive effect was not as farreaching as that of the act of 1883. The act of 1873 made detached territory from counties or townships liable only for bonds that had been both "authorized and issued" prior to the detachment of the territory, (Commissioners of Sedgwick Co. v. Bunker, 16 Kan. 498, 503; Chandler v. Reynolds, 19 Kan. 249;) while section 2 of the act of 1883 makes the detached territory liable where only a vote authorizing the township to issue its bonds was had prior to the detachment. The act of 1873 was held valid upon the theory that it simply furnished a remedy for the enforcement of a pre-existing moral obligation. Commissioners of Sedgwick Co. v. Bunker, 16 Kan. 498. In all the cases heretofore cited where the detached territory was held liable for the payment of the debt, the debt had become complete, the evidences of the debt had been issued, and the property of the detached territory, as well as the property in the remainder of the county or township, had become legally liable for the payment of such debt prior to the detaching of such territory; and while the detaching of such territory, under the laws as they then existed, relieved such territory for the time being from the legal obligation of assisting the county or township from which they were detached in paying such debt, yet it was held that it did not relieve them from the moral obligation to assist in paying such debt; and when the act of 1873 was passed it was held that it simply furnished a remedy for the enforcement of such pre-existing moral obligation; or, in other words, that it so extended the pre-existing moral obligation as to make it also a legal obligation. This moral obligation was both to the old county or township which remained legally liable to pay the debt and to the holders of the written evidences of the debt. The argument of counsel in the case of Chandler v. Reynolds, 19 Kan. 249, which this court seemingly approved, would seem to extend the doctrine of liability in such cases a little further than above stated, but in fact it does not. In that case the debt or liability had been created prior to the division of the territory, although the evidences of such debt or liability had not yet been issued. But because the debt or liability had already been created when the division of the territory occurred, the court assumed that a moral obligation rested upon the detached territory to assist the old township in paying the debt or liability; yet the court held in that case that, as the evidence of such debt or liability had not been issued at the time of the detachment of the ter

ritory, no legal obligation had been created by the act of 1873, and therefore that the detached territory was not legally bound to assist in paying such debt or liability.

256.

In the present case, when the territory in question was detached from Blue Rapids township, nothing had been done tending to create a liability except merely the holding of an election to determine the question whether authority should be given to the township to issue bridge bonds or not. Such a vote does not create any liability or any contract, but merely gives authority to afterwards create such liability or contract. Union Pac. Ry., S. B., v. Commissioners Davis Co., 6 Kan. When the territory in the present case was detached from Blue Rapids township, no liability had yet been created; no indebtedness had yet been incurred; no bridge had yet been built; no contract for building the same, or for furnishing any material or labor therefor, had yet been made; no bonds had yet been issued, nor had any other evidences of indebtedness yet been issued. And when the bridge was built, it was not built within the limits of the detached territory, but was built wholly within the territory of Blue Rapids township; and therefore at no time have any of the people residing upon or owning property within the limits of said detached territory been part owners of the bridge at Irving, and at no time prior to the act of 1883 were they liable to pay any portion of the indebtedness created for the construction of such bridge. They were not liable before their territory was detached from Blue Rapids township, nor at that time. They were not liable prior to the passage of the act of 1873, nor were they liable under that act; and it would almost seem as though this act was a legislative determination that they never should be liable. They were not liable when the old bonds were refunded by the issuing of the new bonds, and they took no part at any time in any proceeding or transaction, except the first vote, to make them liable. They did not participate in issuing either the old bonds or the new bonds, nor did they take part in the election to authorize the issue of the new bonds; nor could they at the time have legally taken part in the issue of either said old bonds or the new bonds, or in the election. Besides, they built their own bridge and paid for it, and the new bonds were issued after the old bonds had become due, and when the old bonds, with all the interest thereon, should have been paid. It does not appear that the bridge at Irving was of any benefit to the people of the detached territory; but, on the contrary, the court below finds that as early as the year 1870 the bridge at Blue Rapids, in said detached territory, had become "an imperative public necessity," and such bridge was built about that time.

From the foregoing facts the following questions arise: (1) Is it necessary, in order to enable the legislature by retrospective legislation to impose a legal liability upon the people owning property in a portion of a township, or other subdivision of the territory of the state, where no such legal liability existed before, that a pre-existing moral

obligation should rest upon the people owning property in such territory to discharge such liability? (2) And if such is necessary, then is it for the courts or the legislature, or both, to determine whether such a moral obligation exists or not; and in any case, whose determination is final? Of course, if the legislature has the power to impose a legal liability upon any portion of the territory of the state, without any pre-existing moral obligation to discharge such liability, then the tax in the present case is valid; or, if the legislature has no such power, but nevertheless has the power solely and exclusively to determine whether such moral obligation exists or not, then also is the tax in the present case valid. But if it is necessary, in order to enable the legislature to enact such legislation, that a pre-existing moral obligation should exist; and if the courts may determine whether such moral obligation exists or not; and if in the present case it should be found that no such moral obligation exists, nor existed at the time when the act of 1883 was passed,-then it must be held that the tax in the present case is illegal and void. This moral obligation may be considered with reference to the old organization, the town or township from which the territory has been detached, or with reference to the persons holding the bonds or other evidences of indebtedness of such old organization. Of course, where bonds or other evidences of indebtedness are issued by a county or township, all the property of such county or township is morally as well as legally bound for the payment of such bonds or other evidences of indebtedness; and the holders of the same would have a right to object to any territory being detached from the old organization in such a manner as to release the same from the legal obligation to pay such bonds or other evidences of indebtedness, or to lessen or impair the value of their securities in any respect whatever. In such a case the detached territory should not be released. But that case is not this case. When the bonds were issued in the present case, the detached territory formed no part of Blue Rapids township. Such territory had been detached from Blue Rapids township nearly three months before the first bonds were issued, and over 10 years before the second or refunding bonds were issued. When the bondholders purchased the bonds they could not have had any expectation that the people of the detached territory would ever be under any obligation to them, legal or moral, to assist in paying the bonds, and certainly no such moral obligation has ever existed. But it may be asked, are they not under a moral obligation to Blue Rapids township to assist in paying such bonds? We would think not. The necessity for a bridge at Blue Rapids and in Blue Rapids City township was certainly as great as the necessity for a bridge at Irving and in Blue Rapids township. Indeed, from the findings of the court below it would seem that such necessity was greater, for the court below found that it was "an imperative public necessity to have a bridge across the Blue river near said new town to accommodate the public." The

new town mentioned by the court was the town, now city, of Blue Rapids.

It does not appear that either of the towns or townships needed the bridge built in the other town or township. Each township needed its own bridge, each township built its own bridge, and each township should have paid for its own bridge; and we suppose that Blue Rapids City township paid for its bridge a long time ago. The two bridges were built about the same time. No liability existed against the detached territory at the time it was detached from Blue Rapids township; nothing was afterwards done by the detached territory, or Blue Rapids, City township, to make the detached territory liable; and nothing was afterwards done by the legislature to make it liable for the payment of any liability on account of the bridge at Irving until the passage of the act of 1883, over 12 years after the territory was detached, and after the organization of Blue Rapids City township, although the legislature in 1873 had the same matter under consideration; and, taking the entire facts of the case, as, heretofore stated, we would think that the people of the detached territory are not under any moral obligation to any person, corporation, or organization to assist in paying the bridge bonds of Blue Rapids township. But the question still remains to be decided: May not the legislature impose a legal obligation or liability upon the people of the detached territory to assist in paying said bonds, although they may not be under any moral obligation to do so? This question must be answered in the negative, and it certainly requires no argument and no citation of authorities to support such a decision. But still the further questions remain to be decided: First, is it not exclusively within the province of the legislature to determine whether the detached territory is or is not under a moral obligation to assist in paying said bonds? Second, has not the legislature in the present case determined in the affirmative? These questions are, perhaps, the most difficult of any in the case, and yet we think they must be answered in the negative. While it is clearly within the province of the legislature, in the first instance, to determine the question whether the detached territory is or is not under any moral obligation to assist in paying the bonds, yet we do not think that the question is exclusively within their province. The determination of the question devolves first upon the legislature, but lastly and finally upon the courts. If the detached territory is under no moral obligation to assist in paying the bonds, we think the courts may say so; and in fact we think it is the duty of the courts to say so whenever the question is fairly presented. The question is in its nature judicial, although, in the first instance, it may also be legislative; and the courts must determine it whenever it is fairly presented to them. If the detached territory, however, is under some obligation of an equitable or moral nature, then we would think that it would be exclusively within the province of the legislature to de

termine whether such obligation would be sufficient to authorize the legislature to provide a remedy for enforcing it. But in the present case we do not think that any obligation of an equitable or moral character exists. We do not think that any obligation of an equitable or moral character rests upon the detached territory to assist in paying the bonds issued to pay for the bridge at Irving; and we do not think that the legislature has in fact so determined. Of course, the language used by the legislature in the act is broad enough to cover such a case as this; but the language is general in its terms, covering all conceivable cases, and not applying specially to any particular case. The legislature probably did not have this particular case in contemplation at any time.

We do not, however, hold the law to be unconstitutional for this reason; for if the legislature had the power to require the detached territory to assist in paying the bonds in question, we would then hold that the legislature has exercised such power, and that the detached territory is liable, although the legislature may have exercised such power thoughtlessly and inadvertently as to this particular case. Of course, section 2 of the act of 1883, c. 147, is not void. It is valid as to all bonds authorized by an election held after the act took effect. It is also valid as to all bonds authorized before the act took effect, and issued before the territory was detached. It is also valid as to all bonds authorized before the act took effect where any moral obligation exists in favor of either the bondholders or the old organization requiring the detached territory to assist in paying the bonds. See cases heretofore cited, and Wade, Retr. Law, §§ 24, 242, and cases there cited. And it is void only where the election was held before the passage of the act, and no further steps were taken to make the detached territory liable until after its detachment, and where no moral obligation exists requiring the detached territory to assist in paying the bonds. Such an act comes under the general objections to retrospective legislation, where no good is accomplished by the legislation, but only harm is done; where vested rights are disturbed; where the money or property of one person or set of persons is taken and given to another; and where, as in this case, the ordinary rules of taxation, the rules prescribed by the constitution and general statutes, are overturned and subverted. The legislature cannot, by the mere forms of legislation, create a legal demand where no demand, legal, moral, or equitable, existed before. Such is not legislation. It is not the passing of laws; it is not the legitimate action of any tribunal; and it is utterly beyond the power of the legislature. Sedg. St. & Const. Law, (2d Ed.) 160 et seq., and cases there cited; Cooley, Const. Lim. side pages 369, 370 et seq., and cases there cited.

It must also be remembered that this is not an attempt to enforce a public or municipal corporation, or any corporation, or any organization of persons, to assist in paying the aforesaid bonds, but it is an attempt to force the various individual persons who own real estate

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