Caint, the, occupied by the Cantii, 8 Calais taken by Edward III., 243; besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, 313
Caledonians, the, wars of Agricola with,
Cambridge, the Earl of, execution of,
301 Camulodunum, Cunobelin's headquarters
at, 12; Roman colony of, 13; captured by Boadicea, 15
Cannon, first use of 242
Canterbury, Æthelberht's residence at, 38; Augustine preaches at, 39; founda- tion of the archbishopric of, 40; murder of Archbishop Thomas at, 150; Henry II. does penance at, 153; architecture of the choir of, 171; disputed election of the Archbishop of, 177 Canterbury Tales, the, 270
Caractacus, defeat and flight of, 13 capture of, 14
Carausius claims to be emperor, 22 Carham, battle of, 84
Carlisle fortified by William II., 119 Carnarvon, Edward I. builds a castle at,
Carriages and carts, 273
Carucage substituted for Danegeld, 162 Cashel, synod at, 152 Cassel, battle of, 235
Cassiterides, the geographical position of, 8
Cassivelaunus, resistance to Cæsar by, 11 Castile, intervention of the Black Prince
in, 255; united with Aragon, 349 Catherine of Aragon married to Prince Arthur, 356; marriages proposed for, 357
Catherine of France marries Henry V., 306; marries Owen Tudor, 335 Catuvellauni, the, position of, 9; at- tacked by Cæsar, 11; subsequent history of, 12
Caxton, William, establishes a printing press at Westminster, 358 Ceawlin overruns the Severn Valley, 35; defeated at Wanborough, 36 Celibacy of the clergy, early opinion in favour of, 65; inculcated at Cluny, 67 Celtic Christianity, influence of, 47, 49. Celts, the, succeed the Iberians in Western Europe, 5; are divided into two stocks, 7; know their conquerors as Saxons, 29.
Ceorls, distinguished from Eorls, 29; are the tillers of the soil, 30
Chancellor, the official position of, 127; becomes a judge, 260
Charles Martel defeats the Mohamme- dans, 54
Charles the Great, Emperor, 55, 63 Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, 63; cedes Normandy to Hrolf, 80
Charles IV., king of France, death of, 232 Charles V., king of France, opposes the English in Spain, 255; summons the
Black Prince to Paris, 256; renews the war against the English, ib.; avoids a battle, 257.
Charles VI., king of France, defeats the Flemings, 278; allies himself with Richard II., 282; loses his senses, 295; disinherits the Dauphin, 306; dies, 307 Charles VII., king of France, as Dau- phin, falls into the hands of the Armag- nacs, 303; is present at the murder of John, Duke of Burgundy, 305; is dis- inherited, 306; claims to succeed to the crown at his father's death, 307; his weakness, 309; is helped by the Maid of Orleans, 310; is crowned, 311; consents to a truce, 317; renews the war, 320
Charles VIII., king of France, succeeds to the crown, 348; invades Italy, 352; death of, 354
Château Gaillard built by Richard I., 165; lost by John, 354. Chaucer,
Geoffrey, his Canterbury
Chester (see Deva) submits to William I., 103
Chinon, Henry II. dies at, 157 Chippenham, Treaty of, 59 Chivalry, 235
Christ Church, at Canterbury, privileges of, 177; expulsion of the monks of, 178 Christianity introduced into Britain, 23; into England, 39; character of early English, see England, the Church of Chronicle, the, begun under Ælfred, 61; continued at Worcester, 68, 129; com- pleted at Peterborough, 129
Church of England, see England, the Church of
Cinque Ports, the, 218 Cirencester, see Corinium
Cistercians, the, introduced into Eng- land, 129; decline of asceticism amongst, 167; are fined by John, 179 Clare, Gilbert de, see Gloucester, Earl of Clare, Richard de, see Strongbow Clare, Richard de, see Gloucester, Earl
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, sent to Ire- land, 265
Clarence, George, Duke of, brother of Edward IV., created a duke, 329; marries Warwick's daughter, and quar- rels with Edward IV., 332; put to death, 336
Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, brother of Henry IV., killed at Baugé, 306 Clarendon, the Constitutions of, 144; the assize of, 146
Claudius, the Emperor, plans the con quest of Britain, 13
Clergy, the, see Ecclesiastical Courts, England, Church of
Clericis Laicos, the Bull named, 220 Clifford, Lord, stabs the Earl of Rutland, 328
Cluny, clerical celibacy inculcated at, 67; reforms originated at, 107
Cnut, reign of, 83-85 Cobham, Eleanor, mistress and wife of the Duke of Gloucester, 315; does pen- ance for witchcraft, 316
Colleges, first foundation of, at Oxford,
Colman disputes with Wilfrid, 50 Columba founds a monastery at Iona, 47 Columbus discovers the West Indies, 354 Commerce between Britain and Gaul,
8, 12; between England and Gaul, 38; under the Angevin kings, 168; under Edward I., 211; under Edward III., 235, 236; under Henry VII., 351 Common Pleas, establishment of a sepa- rate Court of, 212
Commons, the House of (see Parlia-
ment), finally separated from the Lords, 243; struggle of, against unpar- liamentary taxation, 244; importance of the constitution of, 245; supported by the Black Prince, 261; influence over the elections of, 281; proposes to confiscate Church property, 294; ad- dressed by Edward IV., 329 Compurgation, system of, 32; set aside by Henry II., 146, 147
Comyn, John (the Red), slain by Bruce,
Corinium (Cirencester), West Saxon conquest of, 35
Cornish, the, derivation of the old lan-
guage of, 7; submit to Ecgberht, 55 Cotentin, the, sold to Henry, 119 County courts derived from the shire- moots, 141
Courtenay, Bishop of London, supported
by the citizens against Lancaster, 263 Crecy, battle of, 241, 242 Cressingham, Sir Hugh, governs Scot- land in the name of Edward I., 219 Crown, the, see King
Crusade, the first, 120; the second, 157; the third, 161; against the Albigeois, 193; the seventh, 204 Cumberland, origin of the name of, 37; annexed by William II., 119; left to David I., 133; regained by Henry II.,
DANEGELD, levy of, 81; abolition of, 143 Danelaw, the, formation of, 59 Danes, the, invade England, 58; make peace with Alfred, 59; extent of the settlements of, 62; are amalgamated with the English, 64; relations of Dunstan with, 67; reappear as in- vaders, 79; conquer England, 81-83; settle in Ireland, 152
Darc, Jeanne, delivers Orleans, 310; conducts Charles VII. to Rheims, 311; martyrdom of, 312
David I., king of the Scots, invades England, 131
David II. (Bruce), king of Scotland, 232;
takes refuge with Philip VI., 234; restoration of, 240; taken prisoner at Nevill's Cross, 242; restored by Edward III., 252.
David, brother of Llewelyn, executed,
David, Earl of Huntingdon, 215 David, St., piety of, 42 Decorated style, the, 247
Degsastan, Æthelfrith's victory at, 42 Deira, formation of the kingdom of, 36; is merged for a time in North-humber- land, 41; accepts Christianity, 46; is finally merged in North-humberland, 48; Danish kingdom of, 62, 63 Deorham, battle of, 35
Derby, Earl of (son of John of Gaunt), opposes Richard II., 279; defeats the Duke of Ireland, 280; becomes Duke of Hereford, and is banished, 283; suc- ceeds to the Duchy of Lancaster, 284; and forces Richard II. to abdicate, 285; see Henry IV.
Dermot invites Strongbow to Ireland, 152 Despensers, the, 228, 229
Deva, Roman colony of, 14, 19 Devizes, surrender of the castle of, 134 Dialogus de Scaccario, 167 Diocletian reorganises the Empire, 22 Domesday Book, III
Domestic life in Eadgar's time, 75 Domfront occupied by Henry, 119 Dominic, St., 190
Dominicans arrive in England, 191
Donald Bane made king of the Scots by the Celts, 119
Dorchester, abandonment of the see of,
Dorset, Marquis of, his relations with Richard III., 338
Druids, character of the, 10; resist Suetonius, 14
Dublin, Danish settlement in, 152
Du Châtel, Tannegui, murders the Duke of Burgundy, 305
Du Guesclin, Bernard, supports Henry of Trastamara, 255; his mode of fighting with the English, 256 Dunbar, Balliol defeated at, 219 Duncan II., king of the Scots, 120 Dunstan, character and work of, 65; banished by Eadwig, 67: becomes Eadgar's Minister, ib.; his attitude towards the monks, 68; supports Eadward's succession, 78; death of, 79 Dupplin, Edward Balliol's victory at, 234 Durham, architecture of the choir and galilee of, 171
EADGAR, reign of, 67
Eadgar, king of the Scots, 121 Eadgar the Etheling, early years of, 90; chosen king, 98; is abandoned, 100 Eadgyth married to Eadward the Con- fessor, 87
Eadgyth married to Henry I., 122; is known as Matilda, 124 Eadmund Ironside, 83
Eadmund, king of East Anglia, killed by the Danes, 58
Eadmund, king of the English, 63 Eadred, king of the English, 64 Eadward the Confessor, his life in Normandy, 85; is chosen king, 86; his relations with Godwine, 87; makes William his heir, 88; dies, 91 Eadward the Elder, reign of, 62; his relations with the Scots, 63 Eadward the Etheling, death of, 90 Eadward the Martyr, 78
Eadwig, reign of, 64; his quarrel with the clergy, 65; his marriage and death, 67 Eadwine, king of North-humberland, greatness of, 43; marries Æthelburh, 44; is converted and slain, 46 Eadwine, son of Elfgar, becomes Earl of the Mercians, 90; is present at Eadgar's election, 98; submits to William, 102; is murdered, 103 Eadwinesburh, see Edinburgh Ealdhelm as a builder and teacher, 51 Ealdormen, the, are the leaders of the English conquerors, 30; preside over the folk-moot, 33; growing power of, 73; their position under Æthelred the Unready, 79.
Ealdred, Archbishop of York, crowns William I., 100
Earl, title of, derivation of, 64 Earldoms under Cnut, 83; diminished
after the Norman Conquest, 105 Early English architecture, 171 East Anglia, first settlement of, 28; growth of, 36; comparative weakness
of, 41; its relations with Ecgberht, 55; overrun by the Danes, 58
East Saxons establish themselves to the north of the Thames, 28; capture London, 35; see Essex'
Easter, dispute on the mode of keeping, 50 Ebbsfleet, landing of the Jutes at, 27; landing of Augustine at, 39 Ecclesiastical courts, jurisdiction of, 106; conflict of Henry II. with 142 Ecgberht, at the court of Charles the Great, 53; becomes king of the West Saxons, and over-lord of the other kingdoms, 55
Edinburgh, Eadwine builds the castle of, 43; occupied by the Scots, 68 Edmund Crouchback, second son of Henry III., named king of Sicily and Naples, 196; supposed primogeniture of, 286 Education in the time of Ælfred, 61; in the time of Dunstan, 65; carried on at Oxford, 167, 207
Edward I., appeal of the Knights Bache- lors to, 199; taken prisoner at Lewes, 201; defeats Earl Simon at Evesham, 203; takes part in the seventh Crusade 204; becomes king, 208; constitutional position of, 209; his dealings with Wales, 210; finance of, 211; judicial reforms and legislation of, 212; ar- anges for a personal union between England and Scotland, 214; erects the Eleanor crosses, 215; awards the Scot- tish crown to John Balliol, 216; his relations with Philip IV., 218; sum- mons the Model Parliament, 218; his first conquest of Scotland, 219; grants the Confirmatio Cartarum, 220; his second conquest of Scotland, 221; in- corporates Scotland with England, 222; his third conquest of Scotland, and death, 224
Edward II., birth of, 210; succeeds to the crown, 224; marriage of, 225; re- sistance of the barons to, ib.; defeated at Bannockburn, 226; overthrows Lancaster and effects a constitutional settlement, 228; deposed and mur- dered, 229
Edward III., accession and marriage of, 231; does homage to Philip VI., 232; sets up Edward Balliol in Scotland and begins war with France, 234; allies himself with the Emperor and the cities of Flanders, 235; encourages trade, 236; is named Imperial Vicar, 237; claims the crown of France, 239; wins the battle of Sluys, ib.; marches through the north of France, 240; wins the battle of Crecy, 241, 242; takes Calais, 243; constitutional pro- gress under, ib.; restores David Bruce, 252; makes peace with France, 253; enters on a fresh war with France, 256 Edward IV., as Earl of March, takes part in the battle of Northampton, 326; wins the battle of Mortimer's Cross,
and is acknowledged by the Londoners as king, 328; wins the battle of Tow- ton, and is crowned, 329; marries Elizabeth Woodville, and promotes her kindred, 331; allies himself with Burgundy, 332; loses and recovers the crown, 334; invents benevolences, 335; invades France, 336; puts Cla- rence to death, 336; death of, 337 Edward V. succeeds to the throne, 337; lodged in the Tower, 340; deposed, 341; murdered, 342
Edward, Prince of Wales, see Black Prince, the
Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., birth of, 323; slain at Tewkes- bury, 334
Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Richard III., death of, 342
Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry II., 137; imprisonment of, 155; takes part with John against Arthur, 174 Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I., accompanies her husband on the Cru- sade, 204; death of, 214
Eleanor of Provence marries Henry III.,
Eleanor, sister of Henry III., marries Simon de Montfort, 193
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., proposed marriage of the Dauphin to, 336; proposed marriage of Richard III. to, 342; marries Henry VII., 345 Elmet conquered by Eadwine, 43 Emma marries Æthelred, 81 Empire, the Western, revived by Charles the Great, 55
Empson and Dudley, exactions of, 357. England, early social and political insti- tutions of, 29-32; contrasted with Gaul, 37; commerce with Gaul re- newed by, 38; Christianity introduced into, 39; growing power of three kingdoms in, 41; character of the later conquests in, 44; political changes in, 45; spread of Christianity in, 49; in- fluence of Church Councils on the political unity of, 52; Ecgberht's over- lordship in, 55; attacks of the North- men and Danes on, 56; its condition under Ælfred, 60; its relations with Scotland, 63, 68; development of the institutions of, 69; Danish conquest of, 79-83; Norman conquest of, 96-103; Norman constitution of, 113; civil war in, 134; pacification of, 137; adminis- trative reforms of Henry II. in, 140; made tributary to the Papacy, 180; military reforms in, 154; effect of the reign of Henry II. on, 158; constitu- tional result of the administration of Hubert Walter in, 163; growth of learning in, 167; growth of commerce in, 168; architectural changes in, 170; the Barons' Wars in, 200-203; archi- tectural and literary growth in, 206, 207; complete national unity of, 208; completion of he Parliamentary con-
stitution of, 218, 220, 228, 243; relieved of tribute to the Papacy, 258; social and moral condition of, during the Wars of the Roses, 330
England, the Church of, Wilfrid's in- fluence on, 50; parochial organisation of, ib.; its close connection with the State, 52; councils of, ib.; organisation of, after the Norman Conquest, 106; its relations with Stephen, 134; and with Henry II., 149; result of the Angevin reigns on, 166; Papal exac- tions resisted by, 194; payments ex- acted from, 197; temporary Parlia mentary representation of the clergy of, 219; taxation resisted by the clergy of, 220; social condition of, 236; supports Henry IV., 291; members of noble fami- lies in the episcopate of, ib.; procures a statute for burning heretics, 292; pro posal to confiscate the property of, 294 English, the, origin of the name of, 28; nature of their conquest of Britain, 29; village settlements of, ib. ; division of ranks among, ib.; effect of the con- quest of Britain on the language of, 31; early political organisation of, ib.; early judicial system of, 32; position of, under William I., 104; support William II., 115; support Henry I. 124; cease to be distinguished from Normans, 155; reappearance of their language in literature, 207; predomi. nance of their language, 258 Eorls, distinguished from Ceorls, 29; their relation to Gesiths, 30 Erse, a Goidelic language, 7 Eskimos, compared with paleolithic men, 3
Essex, Saxon settlement in, 28; is de- pendent on Kent, and accepts Chris- tianity, 40; relapses into heathenism, 41; comparative weakness of, ib. Eustace, Count of Boulogne, visits Eadward the Confessor, 87
Eustace, son of Stephen, death of, 137 Evesham, battle of, 203
Exchequer, the, organised by Roger of Salisbury, 127; disorganised under Stephen, 134; reorganised under Henry II., 140; establishment of a se- parate Court of, 212
Exeter taken by William I., 102
FADDILEY, battle of, 35
Falaise, Treaty of, 154; abandoned by Richard I., 159
Falkirk, Wallace defeated at, 222 Faukes de Breauté, banishment of, 187 Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, marries Isabella of Castile, 349
Ferry Bridge, skirmish at, 429 Feudality, early forms of, 81; after the Norman Conquest, 104; organised by William I., 113; Flambard's further organisation of, 116; ideas of Edward I. on, 214
Fitz-Osbern, William, oppresses the
English, 102
Five Boroughs, the, 62
Flambard, Ranulf, tyranny of, 116; im- prisonment of, 122; escapes, 124 Flanders, commercial intercourse with, 211; Edward I. in, 221; alliance of Edward III. with, 235; falls under the control of France, 278
Flemings emigrate to Wales, 128; in- troduced as weavers by Edward III., 236
Folk-moot, functions of the, 33 Fountains Abbey, 129
France, social condition of, 235; miser- able state of, 251, 252; friendship of Richard II. with, 282 Francis of Assisi, St., 190
Franciscans, the, constitution of, 190; arrive in England, 191
Frederick I., Barbarossa, Emperor, sup- ports an anti-pope, 145
Frederick II., Emperor, excommunica- tion of, 194; death of, 195
Freemen, gradual disappearance of, 69 French, the, Dukes of, 63; Hugh Capet, king of, 80
Friars, the, orders of, 190; arrive in England, 191
Fyrd, the, a general army of the villagers, 30; Elfred reforms, 60; comparative disuse of, 69; retained after the Nor- man Conquest, 106; see Assize of Arms
GAELIC a Goidelic language, 7 Gainas, the, settlements of, 28 Gainsborough, origin of the name of, 28 Garter, the order of the, institution of, 246 Gascoigne, Chief Justice, 299
Gaul, trade of Britain with, 8, 12; per- sistency of Roman civilisation in, 37; renewal of trade with, 38
Gauls arrive in Britain, 8
Gaveston, Piers, favoured by Edward II., 224; execution of, 226 Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, marries the
Empress Matilda, 131; conquers Nor- mandy, 136
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, Justiciar, 163 Geoffrey, son of Henry II., marries the heiress of Brittany, 155; dies, 156 Gesiths, the, personal devotion of, 30; their relation to the Ceorls, ib. ; their name changed to that of Thegns, 31 Gewissas, the, combine with Jutes, 28; see West Saxons
Ghent, Jacob van Arteveldt at, 235; Philip van Arteveldt at, 278 Giraldus Cambrensis, 167
Glanvile, Ranulf de, captures William the Lion, 154; writes the first English law-book, 167
Glastonbury, Dunstan, abbot of, 65; proceedings of Dunstan at, 106 Glendower, Owen, heads the Welsh, 293; decline of the power of, 296
Glevum (Gloucester), Saxon conquest of 35
Gloucester, Duke of (brother of Edward IV.), see Richard III.
Gloucester, Duke of, Humphrey (brother of Henry V.), appointed Protector, 307; marries Jacqueline of Hainault, 308; quarrels with Cardinal Beaufort, 309, 314; his relations with Eleanor Cobham, 315; advocates a war policy, 317; death of, 318
Gloucester, Duke of, Thomas, son of Edward III., heads the opposition to Richard II., 279; driven from power, 280; murdered, 282
Gloucester, Earl of (Gilbert de Clare), allies himself with Earl Simon, 200; becomes one of the three Electors, 201; joins Edward against Simon at Eves- ham, 203
Gloucester, Earl of, see Robert Gloucester, Earl of (Richard de Clare), quarrels with Earl Simon, 199; joins Earl Simon, and dies, 200 Gloucester, see Glevum Godfrey of Bouillon, 121 Godwine becomes Earl of the West Saxons, 84; supports Harthacnut, 85; charged with the murder of Elfred, 86; governs under Eadward, 87; out- lawed, 88; return and death of, 89 Goidels, the, a branch of the Celts, 6; languages spoken by the descendants of, 7
Good Parliament, the, 262 Granada, conquest of, 349 Graupian Hill, the, battle of, 17 Great Council, the, composition of, 113; urges William to name an archbishop, 117; summoned to Rockingham, 118; becomes unimportant under Henry I., 126; frequently consulted by Henry II., 141; meets at Clarendon, 144; remonstrates with Henry III., 188, 192; refuses money to Henry III., 194; begins to be known as Parlia ment, 195; see Parliament Gregory 1., Pope, finds English slave-
boys at Rome, 28; sends Augustine to England, 39
Gregory VII., Pope, his relations with William I., 107
Gregory IX., Pope, demands money from England, 194
Grey, John de, nominated Archbishop of Canterbury by John, 177; unpopu- larity of, 178
Grey, family of, favoured by Edward IV., 331
Grey, Sir Thomas, execution of, 301 Grossetête, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, opposes Henry III., 194, 195; death of, 197
Gualo, legate of Honorius III., 185 Guthrum defeats Elfred, 58; makes peace at Wedmore, 59; cedes London to Ælfred, ib.; extent of the kingdom of, 62
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