GERMAN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE.

Die Entwickelung des Causalproblems in der Philosophie seit Kant. Studien zur Orientirung über die Aufgaben der Metaphysik und Erkentnisslehre. Zweiter Theil. Von Dr. Edmund Koenig. Pp. xii, 488. Leipzig: Verlag von Otto Wigand. Mrk. 10. The first part of Dr. Koenig's work, "Die Entwickelung des Causal problems von Cartesius bis Kant," was noticed in these pages one year ago. The present volume shows an increase of one hundred and fifty pages over its predecessor, thus indicating the attention which the present century has given to the problem. If we look for advance in knowledge and treatment of the problem we shall be disappointed, yet, from a teleological point of view, there arises some encouragement. Dr. Koenig, personally, holds close to the Kantean theory of knowledge. Since Kant more emphasis has been given the theory of knowledge, while formerly, with the exception of Locke, the metaphysical side of the causal problem was dwelt upon. The present phases of the problem are expressed in certain quasi antinomies, Sensationalism vs. Intellectualism, Positivism vs. Rationalism, Empiricism vs. Apriorism, and Realism vs. Phenomenalism. Dr. Koenig simplifies the problem by showing that Sensationalism, Rationalism, Empiricism, and Realism are untenable. The systems of Maine de Brian, Schopenhauer, Trendelenburg, Herbart, Lotze, J. Stuart Mill, Spencer, Riehl, the transcendental realists Hartmann and Volkelt, and Wundt, are fully presented and examined. The work closes with a valuable review of causation in the natural science and psychology of the present. Mill and Spencer occupy prominent places in the present volume, as did Locke and Hume in the preceding one. Wundt's solution of the problem is transcendental idealism. The fifty-four pages given to Spencer are valuable in pointing out the difficulties of his system. It is a substantial contribution to the present discussion. Spencer's realism appears to the author as a gratuitous hypothesis. Although prevailingly historical and critical the work represents the strong present day drift away from the sensual and material to the intellectual and transcendental elements in human knowledge. As a historical and critical study of first principles these works are of the highest order, and should find a generous reception among students of philosophy.

Geschichte des Philosophie der Judenthums, nach den neusten Forschungen dargestellt. Von Dr. Julius S. Spiegler. Pp. xiii., 369. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Friedrich, K. R. Hofbuchhändler: Mrk. 8. This is the first attempt to construct a history of Jewish philosophy. Chronologically, the work falls into the following main divisions: The Prophets of Monotheism, The Mysticism of Mosaism, The Jewish Philosophy of Religion, and The Scientific Philosophy of the Hebrews. A history which begins with Moses and the Prophets, lays claims to Christ and the Apostles, and numbers among other representatives Philo, Saadias, Aricebrou, Maimonides, Spinoza, and Mendelssohn, must excite a wide interDr. Spiegler has supplied a long-felt want in a manner that seems, on the whole, satisfactory. His work, in its original language, has met with applause, and has received the patronage of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. It is needless to say that the absurd claim, "Judaism has no philosophy," is swept away by the present work. Two points are funda

est.

mental in what is regarded as Jewish philosophy, first, the absolute separation of philosophy and religion as effected by Spinoza, and, secondly, Jewish Philosophy, as expressed in the Kabbala and Alexandrian school, is pure Pantheism. In the introduction is given a brief summary of thought from Moses to Mendelssohn. Christianity has its roots in Mosaism, and stands in vital connection with the Old Testament. "In the Christian religion Jesus is the God-Man; in philosophy we recognize him as the one who, through a rational reformation of Judaism, made Monotheism the common property of the human race and the basis of modern civilization." The second part of the work, pp. 36–197, involves the construction of Jewish philosophy, its external relations, the threefold Logos of Philo, and the influence of the Kabbala on Christianity and general philosophy. The philosophy of religion was developed chiefly during the Middle Ages, and furnished most of the scientific thought of that period. The Talmud is regarded as a mirror of the age in which it was compiled rather than as a mere reflection of Jewish science. As a working force, Jewish philosophy allies itself with Humanism. This is brought out in the latter part of the work, which treats of Spinoza and Mendelssohn. It is maintained that Spinoza found his inspiration and drew his leading ideas from the Kabbala. Those parts which consider Philo, the Kabbala, and the Talmud are of special importance to the historian.

Der moderne Socialismus in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Von A. Sartorius Freiherrn von Waltershausen, o. Professor der Staatswissenschaften an der Universität Strassburg. Pp. xii, 421. Berlin: Verlag von Hermann Bahr. Mrk. 8. The author is already known in America by his book "Die nordamerikanischen Gewerkschaften unter der Einfluss der fortschreitenden Productionsteknik," 1886, which may be considered as a supplement to the present work. "Modern Socialism" is, in every respect, a work of value, and will undoubtedly receive close attention in America. Professor Walterhausen's large acquaintance with social movements and his long sojourn in the United States insure an able treatment of this perplexing problem. The subject is entered from the standpoint of our political constitution. The first thirty-six pages are given to a review of the tendencies and principles which manifested themselves before the formation of the National Labor Union and the International Labor Association. These organizations are studied in the third chapter. From this point the movement is presented in detail. The founding of the socialistic labor party, the great strikes of 1877 and their political results, social democracy and the corporations, the origin of social revolutionists and anarchistic groups from 1879-1882, theory and practice of Anarchy, the new International of 1883, the progress of Socialism during the business stagnation in 1884-1885, the black and red International, the eight hour movement, the case of the Chicago anarchists in its process and results, the Henry George party, the International and the Socialistic labor party from 1887 to 1890, and the labor coalition, these are some of the main points presented with excellent judgment. Professor Walterhausen is a conservative who is able to appreciate the large element of truth in the claims of the movement. The work by reason of its treatment and reflective criticisms is a contribution to political philosophy, but this is not the aim of the author. He would be simply a historian, remembering the words of Spinoza, "In order that I may study politics in the same free spirit that I study mathematics, I endeavor not

to ridicule or lament or despise human conduct, but, to know it." The most effective and characteristic feature of the work as criticism is, in reviewing programmes and theories, to point out internal contradictions. The study is brought down to the present and includes a statement of Bellamy's scheme. It is in the line of compensation that the nation which has furnished our country with the greater part of its ultra socialism should contribute this excellent treatise toward a better understanding of the nature and bearings of our social problems.

Die Egyptologie, ein Grundriss der Egyptischen Wissenschaft. Von Prof. Dr. Heinrich Brugsch. I. Abtheilung. Pp. 240. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Friedrich, K. R. Hofbuchhändler. Mrk. 10.. It is sixty years since the birth of Egyptology, and here is the first attempt to gather up, in one comprehensive view, the rich results of this period of remarkable activity. The task has fallen to the ablest hands, and the new epoch in which ancient Egypt is to modify and clarify ancient history, religion, and philosophy is already introduced. How far this influence may extend is difficult even to conjecture, but the rise of this new science has caused a recession of the old horizon sufficiently to show that, in certain respects, Israel and Greece have been shining by borrowed lights. On the whole, Egypt is a very discouraging point from which to view the subsequent progress of the human race. In the present work Dr. Brugsch sifts the abundant material to its purest forms. After a historical and critical introduction on the work of deciphering the hieroglyphics, are considered, first, the Egyptian people, their race, migration, character, morals, and customs; secondly, their language, writings, and literature; thirdly, their theology and cultus; fourthly, the state and its administration. The state was made the subject of literary treatment by the Egyptians in such works as "Pharaoh and his servants." The relations of kings, priests, officers, the various classes, the division of labor, the incentives and opportunities of individual development are clearly presented. "The foundation principle in the old Egyptian character and the source of its moral greatness was the strong unshaken faith in the government of a Divine Being in all times and conditions of life." Truth, purity of soul and body were necessary above all. The name Saphenat Pa'neach given to Joseph, Gen. xli. 45, is common to the twenty-second and following dynasties. This is regarded as important in fixing the date of the passage. Great care is given to make the work a complete hand-book to the general subject of Egyptology. The more important inscriptions, with their translations, are given in the text, and frequent references are made to the best literature on the topics discussed. The work by Dr. Brugsch will form the first volume of an important series. The second volume, "Social Economy," being an introduction to social science, is to be prepared by Professor Dr. Neurath. Each volume of the series may be had separately.

Ueber Methode und Ergebnisse der arischen (indogermanischen) Alterthumswissenschaft. Historisch-Kritische Studien von P. v. Bradke, Professor an der Universität Giessen. Pp. xxii, 350. Giessen: J. Richer'sche Buchhandlung. Mrk. 7.50. - It is now broadly recognized as a desideratum in various departments of investigation that the material be gathered up from different specialists and critically examined for actual results. This is especially desirable and attainable in the science of language. It is held that philology has much light for ancient thought and Professor v. Bradke attempts to bring the light of Indian phi

custom.

In this depart

lology to bear upon the old Aryan religion and culture. ment the scientific data are so meagre that any progress in one branch of the study must react upon all branches. The author's work is in an important respect a criticism of results and especially of certain views maintained by Dr. O. Schrader which are brought into relation with the method and judgments of Victor Hehn. It is shown that the latter has rendered most important service in this department. The work is not strictly systematic in its arrangement, but the indices remedy this defect. The first division of the work is chiefly concerned with Aryan metals and their names, and the second part, pp. 144-309, with culture and the household. The Aryans at the dawn of history were a great chain of peoples extending from the Indus to the Atlantic; they are not to be connected with the Hyksos, and the movement was not from Asia into Europe but from Europe into Asia. The chief excellence of the work is its critical review of sources.

Das Heidentum in der Römischen Kirche. Bilder aus dem religiösen und sittlichen Leben Süditaliens von Th. Trede. Zweiter Teil. Pp. 397. Gotha: Friedr. Andr. Perthes. Mrk. 5 The first part of this work was noticed in the March edition of this "Review." The second part continues the arraignment of the Roman Church, and brings out of past and present constructive evidence concerning the policy of the church and the life of its people. These volumes are of great importance to the historian.

Mechanismus und Teleologie. Eine Abhandlung über die Principien der Naturforschung. Von Dr. Franz Erhardt. Pp. 160. Lepizig: O. R. Reisland. Mrk. 3.60. - The conflict between the mechanical and teleological views of nature is as old as Democritus and Aristotle. Teleology prevailed with the general doctrine of Aristotle throughout the Middle Ages, but the problem was opened anew by the rise of mechanism in Descartes and Spinoza. Leibnitz made a fantastic attempt to eliminate the supposed contradiction. His failure, in connection with the rapid rise of natural science, has prejudiced teleology in recent philosophy. Dr. Erhard takes up the question anew, and going back to Aristotle to distinguish between causes, he develops a vigorous statement of the whole problem in which mechanism and teleology are regarded as "united in a clear and harmonious way." The work falls into two parts, first, the possibility of teleology, and secondly, teleology as a matter of fact. A more concise and suggestive treatment of these two concepts could hardly be looked for, and those who are troubled about the claims of mechanism or materialism, or are interested in the subject, will find this book of real value. Chapter iv., which treats of the relation of teleology to causality, and chapter viii., on the teleological view of organisms, are of special strength. In the latter chapter Lotze is reviewed and Kant's position, "every change in matter has an external cause, therefore, hylozoism would be the death of all natural philosophy," is corrected by proving the true form, namely, "in no case is it possible to explain changes in nature without taking into consideration spiritual factors."

Die Geschichts philosophie Hegel's und der Hegelianer bis auf Marx und Hartmann, Ein Kritischer. Versuch. Von Dr. Paul Barth. Pp. 148. Leipzig: O. R. Reisland. Mrk. 3. — Admirers of Hegel will be glad to find something about him emanating from Germany, while those who are interested in the philosophy of history, religion, and art will find an excellent presentation of Hegel's scheme and its fortune in the hands of

Hegelians. The author's purpose is to hold strictly to the exposition of the theory. Hartmann says that his "own work is a revival of the Hegelian philosophy and spirit minus its mistakes and one-sided intellectualism." In history Hegel is followed by Gaus, Lassalle, Marx, and Hartmann, in religion by Bruno Bauer, and Hartmann, and in art by Fischer and Carrière. In the historical development of his philosophy Erdmann is the only notable disciple. Hegel is not regarded as being the forerunner of what is called evolution. His philosophy of development, on the whole, is regarded as an advance, yet he stands responsible for the errors of Lassalle and Marx, and for Erdmann's erroneous conception of the history of philosophy. The author thinks that Germany is lagging behind other nations in philosophical enterprise, especially in jurisprudence and ethics; that she was awakened from her theological slumbers only to lose herself in metaphysical mists. The author's object in writing is" to help a little light of modern knowledge to break in at one point." This little book is suggestive of many things and well worth re-reading. The presentation of the Hegelian method and its different applications to history is a clean piece of work.

Die Elemente der Metaphysik, als Leitfaden zum Gebrauche bei Vorlesungen sowie zum Selbststudium, zusammengestellt. Von Dr. Paul Deussen, Ord. Professor der Philosophie an der Universität Keil. Zweite, durch einige Zusätze vermehrte Auflage. Pp. xvi, 271. Mrk. 4, geb. m. 5. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. Professor Deussen is one of the few authorities in Indian philosophy. His work," Das System des Vedante," and his translation, "Die Sûtras des Vedânte," are of the highest merit. As a metaphysician he is of the school of Schopenhauer. He has the power of placing difficult problems in the clearest light and stating conflicting views in fair and precise terms. His analysis and exposition of the empirical and transcendental standpoints, pp. 8-57, are altogether the most valuable we have met with. "The Reason and its Content," pp. 59-80, presents the theory of concepts and language. In the second part, "The Metaphysik of Nature," is given the problem of knowledge in its outer and inner conditions. This involves the doctrine of the will as soul, the immortal "Ding an Sich." Here, as in other places, Dr. Deussen puts his Oriental knowledge to excellent service in presenting the Indian, Biblical, and Grecian views of God and the world, and Plato's doctrine of Ideas. The third part, pp. 136-188, treats the "Metaphysik of the Beautiful," a little treatise on aesthetics in eight chapters. The "Metaphysic of Morals" constitutes the fourth and last part. The immortality of the soul, freedom of the will, the will in relation to life and evil, legality and morality, the meaning of life and death, and the way to virtue, are some of the points brought into prominence. Kant's idealism and immortality of the soul stand or fall together. "From Kant's doctrine follows the immortality of the soul, from the immortality of the soul follows Kant's doctrine." A careful study of this work will be sure to give more clearness to instruction and dispel much distrust of the consideration of ontological problems. The price appears insignificant in view of the merit of the book and the elegant presswork. Mattoon M. Curtis.

LEIPZIG, GERMANY, May 23.