despatched a new legate to England; and Gualo, | he was joyfully received by the barons and cition his journey, reached France in time to witness, and to endeavour to prevent, the preparations making for invasion. He boldly asked both king and prince how they dared attack the patrimony of the church, and threatened them with instant excommunication. To the astonishment of the churchman, Louis advanced a claim to the English throne through right of his wife, and departed for Calais, where his army was collecting. At the appointed time he set sail from Calais with a numerous and well-appointed army, and embarked on board 680 vessels. passage was stormy. The mariners of the Cinque ports, who adhered to the English king, cut off and took some of his ships, but on the 30th of May he landed safely at Sandwich. John, who had come round to Dover with a numerous army, fled before the French landed, and, burning and ravaging the country, he went to Guildford, then to Winchester, and then to Bristol, where Gualo, the pope's legate, soon joined him. Leaving Dover Castle in his rear, Louis besieged His zens, who conducted him, with a magnificent procession, to St. Paul's. After he had offered up his prayers, the nobles and citizens did homage and swore fealty to him. And then he, with his hand on the gospels, also swore to restore to all orders their good laws, and to each individual the estates and property of which he had been 1obbed. Soon after Louis published a manifesto, addressed to the King of Scotland and all the nobles not present in London. An immense effect was presently seen: nearly every one of the few nobles who had followed John now left him and repaired to London; all the men of the north, from Lincolnshire to the Borders, rose up in arms against him; the Scottish king made ready to march to the south; and, at first in small troops and then in masses, all the foreign mercenaries, with the exception of those of Gascony and Poictou, deserted the standard of the tyrant, and either returned to their homes or took service under Louis and the barons, who were now enabled to retake many of their castles. Gualo, DOVER CASTLE.-From a view by Turner, R. A. and took the castle of Rochester. He then marched to the capital, where, on the 2d of June, A.D. 1216, Dugdale, in his Monasticon, quotes a record in old French, in which we are informed, that when Arviragus reigned in Britain he refused to be subject to Rome, and withheld the tribute, making the castle of Dover strong with ditch and wall against the Romans, if they should come. A ditch and mound of irregular form, a parallelogram with rounded corners, are still visible; and their antiquity is attested by the presence of Roman work within the ditch. An octangular building, still upwards of 30 ft. in height, the walls being 10 ft. thick, is considered to be the remains of a Roman pharos. It is believed that fortifications were erected on the site of Dover Castle, and that these were maintained and repaired during the Heptarchy; but there is no distinct account of the castle till the reign of Edward th Confesor, when Earl Godwin made some additions to it. The works were strengthened by William the Conqueror, and Dover Castle was then called the lock and key of the kingdom-clavis VOL. I. the legate, did all he could to keep up the drooping, abject spirit of John; but at the very moment of crisis, on the 16th of July, the pope himself, the mighty Innocent, died, and left the church to be wholly occupied for some time by the election of a new pontiff. Louis marched to Dover and laid siege to the castle, which was most bravely defended for the king by Hubert de Burgh; and at the same time some of the barons attacked Windsor Castle, which was equally well defended. When the siege of Dover Castle had lasted several weeks, Louis found himself obliged to convert it into a blockade. Withdrawing his army beyond reach of the arrows of the garrison, he swore that he et repagulum regni. Henry II. in 1153, being the year before he ascended the throne, built a new keep in the castle similar to that at Rochester, and inclosed it with a new wall. The several succeeding kings from time to time continued to improve and make additions to the fortifications here, in particular Edward IV., who expended £10,000 in repairing and fortifying the several works. Henry VIII. and Queen Elizabeth both made extensive repairs, and Charles I. laid out a great deal of money on the state apartments, to prepare them for the reception of Henrietta Maria on her first arrival in this country. A bastion of earth was erected on the height at the north-west extremity of the castle, by direction of William, Duke of Cumberland, in 1745, and he likewise added to the barracks. The north turret of the keep of Dover Castle is 465-8 ft. above low-water mark, and 919 ft. above the ground on which it stands. The area within the fortifications comprises 35 acres.-Hasted's History of Rent. 43 would reduce the place by tamine, and then hang At the beginning of Octo- horses, which carried his money, overtaken by the waters; the surge broke furiously over them, and they presently disappeared-carriages, horses, treasures, and men, being swallowed up in a whirlpool, caused by the impetuous ascent of the tide and the descending current of the river Welland. In a mournful silence, only broken by curses and useless complaints, John travelled on to the Cistercian abbey of Swineshead, where he rested for the night. Here he ate gluttonously of some peaches or pears, and drank new cider immoderately. The popular story of his being poisoned by a monk may be true or false; but it is told in two ways, and was never told at all by any writer living at the time or within half a century of it; and the excess already mentioned, acting upon an irritated mind and fevered body, seems to be cause enough for what followed. He passed the night sleepless, restless, and in horror. At an early hour on the following morning, the 15th of October, he mounted his horse to pursue his march, but he was soon compelled, by a burning fever and acute pain, to dismount. His attendants then brought up a horse-litter, in which they laid him, and so conveyed him to the castle of Sleaford. Here he rested for the night, which brought him no repose, but an increase of his disorder. The next day they carried him with great difficulty to the castle of Newark, on the REMAINS OF THE CASTLE OF NEWARK-ON-TRENT.'-From a view by Bartlett. Trent, and there he sent for a confessor, and laid himself down to die. The abbot of Croxton, a 1 The castle stood near the bank of the river Trent which washed the western wall; and its remains exhibit vestiges of different periods, from that of the Normans to the time of Charles I. King John died here on October 18, 1216. religious house in the neighbourhood, who was groaned, "I commit my soul to God, and my body to St. Wulstan!" and soon after he expired, on the 18th of October, in the forty-ninth year of his age, and the seventeenth of his wretched reign. They carried his body to Worcester, and interred it in the cathedral church there, of which St. Wulstan was the patron saint.' In this way the dying malediction of the heartbroken Henry II. upon his rebellious children had not fallen in vain. Richard, after all his military glory, perished before a paltry fortress; John died a disgraced and baffled fugitive, in the midst of subjects who triumphed over his death as a happy national deliverance. It is but one of the many lessons which history delivers to crowned heads upon the guilt and the consequences of filial disobedience. CHAPTER IX.-SCOTTISH ANNALS, &c. A.D. 1057-1214. Review of Scottish history during this period-Dominions of Malcolm Canmore-IIe invades England-His treaty with William the Conqueror-Nature of his homage to the English crown-War between Malcolm Canmore and William Rufus-Character of Malcolm's reign-Reigns of Donald Bane, Duncan, and Edgar-Reign of Alexander I. His contests with the church-His character-Reign o. David-His connection with Henry I.— His war in support of the claims of Matilda-He is defeated at the battle of the Standard-His useful reignHis death and character-He is succeeded by Malcolm IV.-Malcolm's unsatisfactory interviews with the King of England-His wars-His death in battle-Succeeded by his brother William-William invades England-He is taken prisoner at Alnwick-His liberation-His contest with the pope about the election of a bishop-Success of his resistance-He is released from the conditions of his ransom by Richard I.-His treaty with John-He is succeeded by Alexander II.-Summary of Irish affairs. D URING the whole of the period | trict of Cumbria, lying on the same side of the through which we have now island, but within what is now called England, passed, the three states of Albin, was also at this time an appanage of the Scottish Pictland, and Strathclyde, which crown. With regard to the south-eastern portion had formerly divided the north- of modern Scotland, or the district then known ern part of the island, were con- by the name of Lodonia or Lothian (now confined solidated into the single kingdom of Scotland, of to a part of it), the state of the case is not so which, however, the southern limits varied con- clear. The people appear to have been chiefly siderably at different times, for the proper Scot- or exclusively Angles, mixed in later times with land lay all beyond the Forth and the Clyde, and Danes, and the territory undoubtedly at one the territory to the south of these rivers was not period formed part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom accounted as strictly forming part either of Scot- of Northumbria. From the defeat, however, of land or England, till some ages after the Norman the Northumbrian king, Egfrid, by the Picts, in conquest. At the time of that event the Scottish 685, it may be considered as having been withking was Malcolm III., surnamed Canmore, or drawn from the actual dominion of its former Great Head, whose reign commenced in 1057.2 masters, although, perhaps, their claim to its His dominions undoubtedly included the ancient sovereignty was never abandoned, and it may kingdom of Strathclyde, or the district now form- have been for short periods wholly or partially ing the south-western part of Scotland, which re-subjected by the English. had been conquered by Kenneth III. in the latter part of the preceding century; and the disMatt. Par.; Matt. West. 2 See vol. i. p. 146. 3 See vol. i. p. 144. The south-western angle of Scotland, formerly called Galloway, and now forming the counties 4 See vol. 1. p. 142. of Wigton and Kirkcudbright, received various | nethy, when, according to the Saron Chronide, bodies of colonists from Ireland in the course of a peace was arranged between the two kings, on the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, and Malcolm agreeing to give hostages, and to do these, mixed with the original population, were homage to William as his liege lord. William afterwards designated the "wild Scots of Gallo- then returned home with his army. way." Malcolm had passed about fifteen years at the court of the Confessor before he became king, and in his long exile he must have formed various English connections, as well as become habituated to the manners of the sister country. He may, therefore, be supposed to have, from the first, kept up a more intimate intercourse with England than had been customary with his predecessors. The principal events that make up the subsequent history of the reign of Malcolm, arose out of his connection with the unfortunate Edgar Atheling. Edgar fled to Scotland,' according to the most probable account, with his mother and his two sisters, in the beginning of 1068, and, soon after, Malcolm espoused Edgar's elder sister, Margaret. From some cause, which is not distinctly explained, Malcolm did not arrive with his forces in time to support the insurrection of the people of Northumbria, in conjunction with the Danes and the friends of Edgar, in the following year; and it was not till after the complete suppression of that attempt, and the whole of the east coast, from the Humber to the Tyne, had been made a desert by the remorseless vengeance of the Norman, that the Scottish king, in 1070, entered England, through Cumberland, and spread nearly as great devastation in the western parts of York and Durham as William had done in the east. He commanded his soldiers to spare only the young men and women, and they were driven into Scotland to be made slaves. It was not till 1072 that William found leisure to chastise Malcolm for this inroad. He then advanced into Scotland and wasted the country as far as the Tay, though the inhabitants, after the plan which they had been accustomed to pursue in such cases from the days of Galgacus, and which they continued to follow occasionally to a much later age, destroyed or removed everything of value as the invader advanced, so that, as the Saxon chronicler expresses it," he nothing found of that which to him the better was." In the end, however, Malcolm came to him at Aber See vol. i. p. 186. This transaction makes a principal figure in the controversy which was formerly carried on with so much unnecessary heat, and which still continues to divide historical inquirers respecting the alleged dependence, in ancient times, of the kingdom of Scotland upon the English crown. The position taken by the asserters of this dependence appears to be that, from a date long before the Norman conquest of England, the Anglo-Saxon kings of that country had, in some way or other, obtained possession of the sovereignty of the whole island, and the Kings of Scotland, as well as the Princes of Wales, had become their acknowledged vassals. We may say, without hesitation, that this notion is directly opposed to the whole course of the history of the two countries. The only subjection or homage which either the Scottish kings rendered, or the English crown claimed from them, before the Norman conquest, appears to have been, not for the kingdom of Scotland, but for territories annexed to that kingdom, or otherwise held by them, situated, or conceived to be situated, in England. Such was the lordship of Cumbria, or Cumbraland, after the donation of it by the English king, Edmund, to Malcolm I., in 946. Lothian, or a part of it, may be considered to have been similarly circumstanced after the agreement between Kenneth IV. and Edgar in 971. There is reason to believe, also, that the Scottish kings were anciently possessed of other lands clearly within the realm of England, besides the county of Cumberland. For these possessions, of course, they did homage to the English king, and acknowledged him as their liege lord, exactly in the same manner as the Norman Kings of England acknowledged themselves the vassals of the crown of France for their possessions on the Continent. When Malcolm III., however, on the seizure of the English crown by the Duke of Norman·ly, espoused the cause of Edgar Atheling, he neces sarily, at the same time, refused to do homage for his English lands to the Norman invader, whom, by that very proceeding, he declared that he did not acknowledge as the rightful King of England. William, on the other hand, took Lord Hailes has endeavoured to show that the district an ciently called Lothian, and perhaps considered as part of England, by no means included the whole of the south-east of Soot 2 See vol. i. p. 187. 3 This seems to be really the place meant by the "Abernithi" of Ingulphus, the "Abernithici" of Florence of Worcester, the "Abernitici" of R. de Diceto, and the "Abrenitici" of Walsing-land, but only the counties of Berwick and East Lothian, and ham; although Lord Hailes, Pinkerton, and other writers, have contended that it was more probably some place on the river Nith. Mr. Allen conceives that no doubt can exist as to its being Abernethy on the Tay.-Vindication of the Ancient Independence of Scotland, &c. the part of Mid Lothian lying to the east of Edinburgh. And he adds, "only a small part of that territory could be considered as foudally dependent on England. Great part of those territories was the patrimony of St. Cuthbert."-Remarks on the Hust of Scotland Edin. 1772), chap. ii. measures to maintain his authority, and to com- | the two countries appear to have been at peace. pel the obedience of his rebellious vassal, and these objects he completely attained by the submission of Malcolm at Abernethy. The latter now consented to make that acknowledgment of William's title, and of his own vassalage for the lordship of Cumberland and his other English possessions, which he had hitherto refused; he gave hostages to the English king, as the Saxon chronicler expresses it, and became his man. After this Malcolm appears to have remained quiet for some years. He did not, however, finally abandon the cause of his brother-in-law, the Atheling; and in 1079, choosing his opportunity when the English king was engaged in war with his son Robert on the Continent, he again took up arms and made another destructive inroad into Northumberland. The following year after the reconcilement of William and his son, the latter was sent at the head of an army against Scotland; but he soon returned without effecting anything. It was immediately after this expedition that the fortress bearing the name of the Castellum Novum, on the Tyne, which But in the summer of 1091, we find Malcolm again invading Northumberland. Rufus immediately made preparations to attack Scotland both by sea and land; and, although his ships were destroyed in a storm, he advanced to the north with his army before the close of the year. We have already related the course and issue of this new war. After being suspended for a short time by a treaty made, according to the Saxon Chronicle, "at Lothian in England," whither Malcolm came "out of Scotland," and awaited the approach of the enemy, it was renewed by the refusal of the Scottish king to do the English king right-that is, to afford him satisfaction about the matter in dispute between them, anywhere except at the usual place-namely, on the frontiers, and in presence of the chief men of both kingdoms. William required that Malcolm should make his appearance before the Euglish barons alone, assembled at Gloucester, and submit the case to their judgment. "I is obvious on feudal principles," as Mr. Allen observes, "that if Malcolm had done homage for Scotland to the King of England, the Scotch nobles must have been rere-vassals of the latter, and could not have sat in court with the tenants in chief of the English crown." Yet it is evident that the nobility of both kingdoms had been wont on former occasions to meet and form one court for adjudication on such demands as that now made by the English king. The hostilities that followed, however, were fatal to Malcolm. He was slain in a sudden attack made upon him while besieging the castle of Alnwick, on the 13th of November, 1093. The reign of Malcolm was one of the most memorable and important in the early history of Scotland. It was in his time, and in consequence, in great part, of his personal fortunes, that the first foundations of that intimate connection were laid which afterwards enabled the country to draw so largely upon the superior civilization of England, and in that way eventually revolutionized the whole of its social condition. From the time of Malcolm Canmore, Scotland ceased to be a Celtic kingdom. He himself spoke the language of his forefathers as well as Saxon; but it CASTLE OF NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.'-Scott's Border Antiquities. may be doubted if any of his children understood gave origin to the town of Newcastle, was erected as a protection against the invasions of the Scots. When Rufus succeeded to the English throne, The ancient name of Newcastle is derived from Pons Elii, the second station from the eastern extremity of the Roman wall. Previous to the Conquest the town was called Monkchester, from the number of monastic institutions it contained. The town derived its present name from a fortress-built by Robert, eldest son of William the Conqueror A.D. 1079 to 1082, on his return from an expedition into Scotland-to which, in Gaelic, any more than their English mother. All contradistinction to some more ancient erection, the name of |