2 crusaders required a stimulus, and the Saracens to his strong town of Tyre, where he opened a seemed to be gathering for an assault or siege. correspondence with the common enemy, Saladin, All the men of rank, with the exception of the and where he was soon joined by 600 French proud Duke of Austria, thought it no dishonour knights and soldiers, whom he had seduced from to do as the King of England did. There was Richard's garrison at Ascalon. Saladin, who was, an old quarrel between these two princes. Dur- in all respects, a rival worthy of Richard, gaining ing the siege of Acre, the Duke of Austria took fresh heart from the dissensions of the Christians, one of the towers, and planted his banner upon once more condensed his forces, in the hope of it; Richard, enraged at this step, which appears striking a decisive blow. About this time the to have been, at least, out of order, tore down the Lion-heart, in some distress of mind, wrote to banner, and cast it into the ditch. Such an the abbot of Clairvaux,' who had great interest affront could never be forgotten. And now, when in several of the European courts, earnestly enurged by Richard to work on the fortifications of treating him to rouse the princes and people of Ascalon, the duke replied that he would not, see- Christendom to arms, in order that he might ing that he was the son neither of a mason nor have a force sufficient for the occasion, and that of a carpenter. Upon this, it is reported that Jerusalem, the inheritance of the Lord, might be Richard struck him or kicked him, and turned rescued, and made secure for the future. This him and his vassals out of the town, with threat-letter apparently was scarcely despatched when ening and most insulting language. Notwith- he received others from his mother Eleanor, instanding the duke's refusal, the greatest person- forming him that his own throne in England was ages there, including bishops and abbots, as well beset by the greatest of dangers. At this crisis as lay lords, worked as masons and carpenters, he opened a negotiation for peace, declaring to and the repairs were soon completed. Richard Saladin that he wanted nothing more than the then turned his attention to the other towns possession of Jerusalem, and the wood of the which Saladin had dismantled, or which had not true cross. To this Saladin is reported to have been previously fortified; and in the course of the replied, that Jerusalem was as dear to the Muswinter, and the following spring, he made the sulmans as to the Christians, and that his conwhole coast from Ascalon to Acre a chain of well-science and the law of the Prophet would not fortified posts; and below Acre he rebuilt the permit him to connive at idolatry or the worshipwalls of Gaza. Before these works were com- ping of a piece of wood. pleted, however, his forces were considerably diminished; his lavish generosity had hitherto kept the French and other soldiers, not his sub-with: it was, that the kingdom of Jerusalem jects, together; but now his treasures were nearly should be peacefully occupied by the contending exhausted. Hence arose a wonderful cooling of powers under a government partly Christian and zeal—a disposition even to criticise his military partly Mahometan; and that this strange rule skill, and a pretty general defection on the part should be ratified by the marriage of Joan, of all except his English and Norman subjects. Richard's sister, to Saphadin, the brother of SalaAcre, a pleasanter place than Ascalon, was again din. If such a proposal was ever made, we can crowded with jealous and mercenary chieftains, easily believe how keenly it was opposed both by and became a very hot-bed of corruption and Christian and Mussulman, and how speedily it political intrigue. The Genoese and Pisans was silenced. Centuries, indeed, were yet to fought openly in the streets of the town, hiding elapse before such friendly co-operation could be their old animosities under the pretence of com- established between the followers of these oppobating for the rights of the lawful King of Jeru-site creeds, and hence the general scepticism with salem; for Richard's treaty in favour of Guy had which the narrative of this treaty between not settled that question. The Genoese had de- Richard and Saladin has been regarded. It is clared for Conrad of Montferrat-the Pisans for pleasing, however, to find that amidst the atroGuy of Lusignan; and when Conrad himself, dis-cities of the crusade, and the wholesale massacres regarding the treaty and the power of the Eng-of captives on both sides, the contending parties lish king, joined his troops with those of the evinced a chivalrous courtesy towards each other Genoese, a sort of civil war seemed imminent during the intervals of truce, which modern wars among all the Christians in Palestine. On this, have seldom surpassed. The soldiers of both Richard moved from Ascalon to Acre, effected a armies were wont at these seasons to mingle in reconciliation between the Genoese and Pisans, and forced Conrad to retire. He attempted to conciliate that nobleman, who had given him other single individual, after Peter the Hermit, to promote the many other causes of complaint; but Montferrat insultingly rejected all overtures, and withdrew | City." Another proposal which Richard is said to have made was still more unlikely to be complied 1 The successor of St. Bernard, who had done more than any Crusades. 2 The Arabs still call Jerusalem "El Gootz," or "The Blessed Soon after, by marrying Conrad's widow, young Henry of Champagne received her claim to the imaginary crown, and the crusaders, with the Christians in the country, generally acknowledged him as King of Jerusalem. friendly intercourse and military sports; and when the Lion-heart himself was stretched on a bed of sickness, his noble rival sent him presents of the rich fruits of Syria, and the more valuable luxury of snow from the distant mountains in the interior. It is also stated that Saladin had sought and obtained the honour of Christian knighthood, and that his nephew, the son of Saphadin, had received the accolade, in like man-earnestly prayed for in his own dominions, he isner, from the sword of Richard himself. ever, Richard had attempted to conceal his many causes of uneasiness; and when the army showed that they were aware that his presence was most sued a proclamation stating his fixed resolution of In order to reconcile parties, and facilitate his remaining in Palestine another year. By his proown return to Europe, Richard now abandoned mises and exertions he again restored something the cause of Guy of Lusignan, whom he liberally like unanimity of purpose, and at the end of May recompensed by the gift of the island of Cyprus, the crusaders once more set out on their march and consented that Conrad of Montferrat, who towards Jerusalem, under his command. Early was supported by the French, the German, and in June he encamped in the valley of Hebron, the Genoese factions, should be crowned King of where he received some messengers from England Jerusalem. But Conrad was murdered in the bringing fresh accounts of plots within, and armed streets of Tyre, while preparing for his corona- confederacies without his dominions. We follow tion, by two of the assassins, the fanatic subjects the most consistent, though not the most generally of the Old Man of the Mountain. The murderers received account, in saying that, on this intelliwere seized and put to the torture. Hoveden gence, and at the prospect of the increasing power and Vinesauf both say that the wretches declared of the Saracens, and of the increasing weakness that they had murdered Conrad by the order of and destitution of the Christian forces, to whose their master, in revenge for injuries done to his wants he could no longer administer, Richard people, and insults offered to himself by Conrad, now came to a stand, and turned his heart to the whose imprudent quarrel with the Old Man of West. A council, assembled at his suggestion, the Mountain was notorious. Bohadin, the Arab declared that, under present circumstances, it historian, indeed, affirms that the men said they would be better to march and besiege Cairo, were employed by the King of England; but an- whence Saladin drew his main supplies, than to other Arabic writer, of equal weight, says that attack Jerusalem. This decision was perhaps a the murderers would make no confession what-wise one, but it came too late. Richard, howbut that, triumphing amidst their agonies, ever, pretended that he would follow it, upon they rejoiced that they had been destined by which the Duke of Burgundy wrote a song reHeaven to suffer in so just and glorious a cause; flecting, in severe terms, on his vacillation. Richand this account agrees better with the character ard did not reply by despatching two emissaries of the wonderful association to which they be- of the Old Man of the Mountain, or by adopting longed, and is more probable than any other. any other unfair measure; he revenged himself So little, indeed, did Conrad himself join in these with the same instrument with which the offence first suspicions, that, with his dying breath, he had been given, and wrote a satire on the vices recommended his widow to Richard's protection. and foibles of the Duke of Burgundy. It could But the French king, the German emperor, the not be expected, however, that the Lion-heart Austrian duke, and other sovereigns, were burn- should renounce his great enterprise without feeling with spite and revenge against him; and ings of deep mortification. It is related of him Philip, more especially, who was contemplating that, when a friend led him to the summit of a an attack on Richard's dominions, in order to mountain which commanded a full view of Jerucover his infamy, filled all the West with excla- salem, he raised his shield before his eyes, declarmations against his rival's perfidy. In the mean- ing that he was not worthy to look upon the Holy while the French within the town, declaring that City which he had not been able to redeem. If Richard had employed the murderers, rose in the expedition to Egypt had ever been seriously arms, and demanded from the widow of Conrad contemplated, it was presently seen that it was that she would resign Tyre to them: this she impracticable; for as soon as a counter-march refused to do, and the people, siding with the from the Hebron was spoken of, all discipline countess, took up arms against the French. In abandoned the camp, and, after some conflicts the midst of the tumult Count Henry of Cham- among themselves, the mass of the French and pagne, King Richard's own nephew, made his Germans deserted the standard altogether. Richappearance, and, at the invitation of the people, ard then fell back upon Acre. Taking advantage took possession of Tyre, and the other territories of the circumstance, the vigilant Saladin descended in Palestine which had been held by Conrad. from the mountains of Judea and took the town of Jaffa all but the citadel. At the first breath of this intelligence, Richard ordered such troops as he had been able to keep together to march by land, while he, with only seven vessels, should hasten by sea to the relief of Jaffa. On arriving JAFFA. From Forbin, Voyage en Orient. in the road he found the beach covered with a host of the enemy; but, turning a deaf ear to the advice and fears of his companions, and shouting, "Cursed for ever be he that followeth me not!" he leaped into the water. The knights in the ships were too high-minded to abandon their king, and this small body dispersed the Saracens and retook the town. On the following day, between night and morning, Saladin came up with the main body of his army, and Richard, who had been joined by the troops that had marched by land, went out to meet him in the open country behind Jaffa. The Lion-heart made up for his immense inferiority in point of number by careful and judicious arrangement; and the victory of Jaffa, which was most decisive, is generally esteemed as the greatest of his many exploits. Overpowered by a generous admiration, Saphadin, seeing him dismounted, sent him, during the action, two magnificent horses, and on one of these Richard pursued his successes till night-fall. Every champion that met him that day was killed or dismounted; and the ordinary troops, whenever he headed a charge against them, are said to have turned and fled at the very sight of him. It was by deeds like these that Richard left a traditionary fame behind him, that grew and brightened with the passing years, and that his name became a word of fear in the mouth of the Mussulman natives. Jaffa, or Joppa, is built upon a conical eminence overhanging the sea. The town is girt on the land side by a wall, with towers at unequal distances. Its harbour is so choked with sand that small boats only can enter. The roadstead is dangerous, the anchorage being near a ledge of rocks. Jaffa is the common landing-place of the pilgrims who resort to Jerusalem, of which place it may be considered the port. As the battle of Jaffa was the most brilliant so also was it the last fought by the Lion-heart in the Holy Land. His health and the health of his glorious adversary were both declining; and a mutual respect facilitated the terms of a treaty which was concluded shortly after. A truce was agreed upon for three years, three months, three weeks, three days, and three hours; Ascalon was to be dismantled, after Richard had been reimbursed the money it had cost him; but Jaffa and Tyre, with all the castles and all the country on the coast between them, were to be left to the peaceful enjoyment of the Christians. The pilgrims of the West were to have full liberty of repairing to Jerusalem at all seasons, without being subjected to those tolls, taxes, and persecu tions which had originally provoked the Crusades. All parties immediately prepared to avail themselves of the treaty, and since they could not enter Jerusalem as conquerors, to visit it as licensed pilgrims. A violent fever, brought on by his tremendous exertions in the field of Jaffa, is said to have been the cause why Richard himself did not visit Jerusalem; but it is at least probable that his reluctance to enter merely on sufferance that town which he had so vehemently hoped to conquer, had some share in this omission. In the month of October, 1192, on the feast-day of St. Dionysius, Richard finally set sail from Acre with his queen, his sister Joan, the Cypriot princess, and the surviving bishops, earls, and knights of England, Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine. The next morning he took a last view of the mountains of Lebanon and the hills above the Syrian shore. With outstretched arms he exclaimed, "Most holy land, I commend thee to God's keeping. May he give me life and health to return and rescue thee from the infidel." A storm arose and scattered the fleet-it was the usual season for tempestuous weather in the Mediterranean; but people attributed the storm to the wrath of Heaven at the Christians sailing away and leaving the tomb and the cross of Christ unredeemed Some of the vessels were wrecked on the hostile shores of Egypt and Barbary, where the crews were made slaves; others reached friendly ports, and, in time, returned to England. The galley in which Richard's wife and the other ladies were embarked reached Sicily in safety. It is not very clear why ichard sailed in another vessel, or why he did not take his way homeward through the friendly land of Navarre; but we are told ing a house, and almost without nourishment of any kind, he was compelled by hunger and sickness to enter Erperg, a village close to Vienna. His ignorance of the country was probably the cause of his lighting on a spot which, of all others, he ought most carefully to have avoided. Though sensible of his danger, Richard was too weak to renew his flight. He sent the boy to the marketplace of Vienna to purchase provisions and a few comforts which he greatly needed. With his usual thoughtlessness in these matters, he had given the boy a quantity of money, and dressed him in costly clothes. These things excited attention, but the messenger eluded inquiry by saying that his master was a very rich merchant, and would presently make his appearance in Vienna. The boy was again sent into the town to make purchases, and for some days escaped further notice; but one day that he went as usual, the citizens saw in his girdle a pair of such gloves as were not worn save by kings and princes. The poor lad was instantly seized and scourged, and on being threatened with torture and the cutting out of his tongue, he confessed the truth, and revealed the retreat of the king. A band of Austrian soldiers surrounded the house where Richard was, forgetting his pains and anxieties in a deep sleep. Surprised and overpowered as he was, Richard drew his sword, and refused to surrender to any but their chief. That chief soon made his appearance in the person of his deadliest enemy, Leopold, Duke of Austria, who had arrived from the Holy Land some time before him. "You are fortunate," said Leopold, with a triumphant smile, as he received the sword which had often made him quail; "and you ought to consider us rather as deliverers than as enemies: for, by the Lord, if you had fallen into the hands of the Marquis Conrad's friends, who are hunting for you everywhere, you had been but a dead man though you had had a thousand lives." The duke then committed the king to the castle of Tiernsteign, which belonged to one of his barons called Hadmar of Cunring.' that when within three days' sail of the city of | velling three days and three nights without enterMarseilles, fearing the malice of his numerous enemies, he suddenly changed his course for the Adriatic, resolving, it should seem, to pursue his way homeward from the head of that sea through Styria and Germany. He reached the island of Corfu about the middle of November, and there he hired three small galleys to carry him and his suite, which consisted of Baldwin of Bethune, a priest, Anselm, the chaplain, and a few Knights Templars - in all twenty individuals. After escaping capture by the Greeks, who were among his numerous enemies, he landed at Zara, on the coast of Dalmatia, where his liberal expenditure attracted attention, and defeated the object of his disguise. He had put on the humble weeds of a pilgrim, hoping that this dress, with his beard and hair, which he suffered to grow long, would enable him to cross the Continent without being discovered. A storm drove him on the coast of Istria, between Venice and Aquileia. From this point he and his companions, crossing the Friuli mountains, proceeded inland to Goritz, a principal town of Carinthia. He could hardly have taken a worse course; for Maynard, the governor of this town, was a near relation to Conrad of Montferrat. Richard sent a page to Maynard to ask for a passport for Baldwin of Bethune and Hugh the merchant, who were pilgrims returning from Jerusalem. To forward his request, the young man presented a very valuable ring as a proof of his master the merchant's good-will towards the governor. Maynard, much struck with the beauty and value of the ruby, exclaimed, "This is the present of a prince, not of a merchant; your master's name is not Hugh, but King Richard: tell him, from me, that he may come and go in peace." The king was alarmed at this discovery, and, having purchased some horses, he fled by night. Baldwin of Bethune and seven others who remained behind, were arrested by Maynard, and the news was spread far and wide that the King of England was advancing into Germany in a helpless state. The fugitives rode on without accident or molestation till they reached Freisach, in the territory of Salzburg, where Richard was recognized by a Norman knight in the service of Frederick of Beteson, another near connection of Conrad. The Norman's sense of duty to his native prince overcame the love of money-for a large reward had been offered for the detection and apprehension of the disguised king-and instead of seizing him, he warned him of his danger, and presented him with a swift horse. Richard escaped with one knight and a boy who spoke the language of the country, but all the rest of his companions who had been able to keep up with him thus far were taken and thrown into prison. After tra When the Emperor Henry, the degenerate son of the great Frederic Barbarossa, was informed of this arrest, he claimed the prisoner, saying, "A duke must not presume to imprison a king— that belongs to an emperor." Henry, the sixth of the name in the list of emperors, and whom old historians designate as a "beggar of a prince, ferocious and avaricious," hated Richard almost 1 There are several versions of Richard's adventures from the time he left Acre to his captivity in the hands of the emperor, but they do not differ very essentially, and are about equally romantic. We have adopted what appears to us the simplest and most consistent story, the chief authorities being Hoveden, Brompton, R. Coggeshall, William of Newbury, and Matthew Paris. Legendre, Hist. de France, as much as Leopold of Austria did. This arose chiefly out of the English king's close alliance of Easter, 1193, after which, it appears that even in Germany, Richard was entirely lost sight of, and men knew not where he was confined for some time. CASTLE OF TIERNSTEIGN.'--Froin Lillienbrun, Panorama der Donan. In following the romantic adventures of one who was rather a knighterrant than a king, and whose history is more that of a crusade than a reign,' we have strayed far and long from England. And what were the home events during the interval? Our information is scanty, but enough is on record to show that they were of a gloomy nature. The tragedy of the Jews, enacted at Richard's coronation, was speedily repeated in several of the other principal towns of the kingdom, beginning at Lynn, in Norfolk, in the month of February, 1190, while Richard was in mitted before he sailed for Palestine; but though so near home he was unable or unwilling to check them in their progress, or inflict a proper punishment on the offenders. Within a month the populace rose and robbed and slaughtered the Jews at Norwich, Stamford, St. Edmundsbury, and Lincoln. The great massacre of York was not a mere popular tumult; it was conducted in a systematic manner, and assuredly had for one of its objects the destruction of the bonds that were evidence of, and security for the great debts owing by the nobles to the York Jews. In this horrid affair 500 Jews, besides women and children, had recourse to mutual slaughter that they might escape the more terrible alternative of falling into the hands of their enemies. with Tancred of Sicily, whom the emperor held | Normandy. All these horrors, indeed, were comas the usurper of his or his wife Constance's rights. In the summer of 1191, the year in which Richard sailed from Messina for Acre, Henry, accompanied by his Sicilian wife, advanced with a powerful German army into the south of Italy, and laid siege to the city of Naples, which made a faithful and gallant stand for Tancred. During the heats of summer a malaria fever carried off a vast number of his men, and some nobles of high rank; and, as soon as Henry fell sick himself, he raised the siege of Naples, and made a disgraceful retreat. Tancred then established himself on the disputed throne more firmly than ever, nor had the emperor been able to retrieve his honour in the South. He was, however, at the moment of Richard's capture, engaged in preparations for that object, and he was overjoyed at an event which would save him from the dangerous hostility of so great a warrior and so powerful a prince; for the English king, it will be remembered, had entered into an alliance, offensive and defensive, with the occupant of the Sicilian throne, and Henry and his advisers had little doubt that, if he reached Eng-nated a new regency and appointed other jusland in time, Richard would perform his part of the treaty, and prevent the success of the emperor. The Duke of Austria would not resign his prisoner without a reservation of his own claims, and a payment, or at least a promise, of a large sum of money from Henry. The disgraceful sale and transfer took place at the feast I Tiernsteign, or Dürrenstein, is a small town situated on the left bank of the Danube, forty-one miles west by north from Vienna. The castle, perched upon a craggy sterile rock, overlooks the town, and behind, at a higher elevation, rises the Wunderberg, covered with a dark wood of fir. In the town are the fine ruins of a monastery of the Augustine order. ? Tancred died at the end of 1193, during Richard's imprisonment. He died a king, and transmitted the crown to his young The next important events during Richard's absence arose out of the struggle for power between Hugh Pudsey, the Bishop of Durham, and Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely. The reader has been already informed how Pudsey purchased the post of chief justiciary for 1000 marks. Richard, before he departed from England, unfairly nomi ticiaries, by which measures Pudsey's bought |