sources practically disappeared during the war, and he was forced to charge us $4,000 per year for the assembly and printing of this list. Prevention and detection of crime: $5,524 to $16,000-up $10,476. This item, known as the confidential fund, is designed to permit the major and superintendent of police to carry out certain confidential functions, such as the undercover surveillance of suspected gambling and liquor establishments, payment of rewards, hiring of informers, et cetera. To date it has not been necessary to expend the full amount in any fiscal year. However, it is essential that this sum be provided for any contingency which might arise.

Police training classes: 0 to $3,000.

This fund was set up by Congress in 1941 to provide for specialized training of policemen and for participation in pistol matches throughout the country. During the war very little of this amount was expended, but with the return to normal conditions it is anticipated that it will be extensively used.

Repairs to motor vehicles: $19,665 to $44,792-up $25,127.

This rise is attributed to an increase in the number of vehicles and to the increased cost of mechanics' labor and automobile and motorcycle parts. It is expected that this cost will be reduced in direct proportion to our replacement of worn-out vehicles by new equipment; although the 1938 figure cannot be used as a true basis for future needs. Police training school: Incident to this police training school and the academy, and so forth, we have been extremely blessed in that Congress granted that appropriation because it has given us a training course for the force to keep them abreast of all of the laws and regulations that Congress, from time to time, makes for us.

Police training school: 0 to $1,500-up $1,500.

In 1944 Congress authorized the establishment of the Washington Police Academy for the within-service training of policemen. This school provides an intensified course in advanced police procedure and has been very beneficial.

I was very much interested to note in the press recently a report from Mr. Hoover regarding the within-service training of policemen, after they had been on the force for a number of years to keep them abreast of changing conditions. He says that is one of the main things that keeps the police departments advanced throughout the country, and that they had been neglected in some cities. I agree with this

statement.

Miscellaneous supplies and materials: $9,542 to $16,350-up $6,808. Approximately half of this increase can be attributed to higher costs and the other half to increased consumption of miscellaneous supplies, such as stationery, other office supplies, cleaning supplies,

et cetera.

Uniforms: $49,557 to $87,400-up $37,843.

Although the cost of uniforms has increased by about 30 percent, it is found that the greatest factor in this rise is directly chargeable to increased force.

Gasoline, oil, and lubricants: $20,260 to $30,000-up $9,740.

Cost of gasoline has increased by some 30 percent. In addition the Department is using more equipment than in 1938.

Miscellaneous equipment: $8,339 to $15,000-up $6,661.

This figure does not represent a normal increase, as the request for 48 covers the replacement of a considerable quantity of equipment, ch as typewriters, revolvers, water colors, et cetera, which have ot been replaced throughout the war, and which are beyond an conomical repair. Once this obsolete and worn-out equipment is. eplaced, the figure will reduce by approximately $5,000.

Motor vehicle replacement: $22,526 to $41,625-up $19,099.

Cost of motor vehicles to the Department has increased approximately 75 percent. A light cruiser, which in 1938 cost between $600 nd $700, now costs between $1,000 and $1,100, taking the very lowest bid on cars. In addition, we are requesting a considerable number of replacement in order to reduce our cost of maintenance.

Once we have obtained new equipment and replaced these old cars, we will be in better shape; some of them have 150,000 miles on them. We have worked on them, and tried to keep them going during the war, and we reached the point where it is really unsafe for two officers in a scout car to proceed on emergency calls.

Mr. BATES. How old are those?

Mr. THOMAS. They vary between 4 and 5 years.

Mr. BATES. What is the maximum mileage?

Mr. THOMAS. We have 17, and a few of them are being used as extra cars with the regular scout cars when they are out of service, and there is a maximum of 150,000 miles and most of them are around 100,000 miles or better.

Mr. BATES. They are pretty well used up?

Mr. THOMAS. The difficulty has been in getting replacements for them. Auto replacement parts are also scarce.

Mr. Cox. A car is really not suitable for police work after it has passed 60,000 miles.

Mr. BATES. Have you got good repair crews in the Department? Mr. THOMAS. Yes; we do have service under the District Government.

Mr. BATES. Probably it would be cheaper to replace them every few years, at the most.

Mr. THOMAS. Yes, sir.

Mr. BATES. Chief, are you finished with your statement?

Mr. THOMAS. With the statement; yes.

Mr. BATES. I notice that your officers and members, not the clerks and the administrators and the House of Detention men, increased from 1,367 in 1937 to 1,850 men in the budget of this year. That shows an increase of about 35 percent in personnel.

Mr. THOMAS. The authorized strength for this year is 1,739.

Mr. BATES. I have no doubt that this year you are operating with about 1,584 men, but the budget for 1948 calls for 1,850 men, which is about 270 more men.

Mr. THOMAS. Our roll as of today is 1,647. We are asking for 111 additional to bring us to 1,850. We now have an authorized strength of 1,739. We have 35 servicemen still away in the service, members of our force, and we are holding the vacancies open, naturally.

There are 57 actual vacancies which we hope to fill by the 1st of July.

Mr. BATES. On the basis of the per capita population, have you any figures to show how it compares with the other cities with respect to patrolmen, on the per capita basis?

Mr. THOMAS. I know that the formula indicated by the leading authorities on police administration throughout the country, particularly emanating from the chiefs of police international association— the accepted formula with respect to population concerning police is 2.5 policemen per 1,000 population.

I have here some information which I think will be more or less interesting.

In 1910, we had 731 policemen. We had a population of 331,069 at that time, and our police ratio was 2.2 per 1,000 population.

Over a period of 10 years, to 1920, we increased our force by 168 men to a total of 899. The population increased 106,402 making a total of 437,571, dropping us to a 2.0 per 1,000 population.

From 1920 to 1930, we had an increase in personnel of 363. Our population in that period, from 1920 to 1930, increased less than any other similar period of time since 1910, or during my residence of 28 years. This increase in population was 49,298 in that period, up to 1930, which made a total of 486,869. With an increase of 363 policemen over this period of 10 years, our ratio was 2.5 plus per 1,000 population.

At that time, we were doing very nicely with that ratio, and getting excellent results.

Another 10-year period, of course, brings us to 1940. We then had 1,422 policemen. The increase in this period of 10 years was 160.

The total population in that year was 663,091. That gave us a ratio of 2.3 per 1,000, and dropped us from 2.5 to 2.3.

Now, with the estimated population of the Census Bureau in 1945 as 938,476 persons in the District of Columbia, we need additional men if we are to be near the prescribed ratio.

Mr. BATES. When did the Census make that estimate?

Mr. THOMAS. We asked for that figure some time ago and it was given to us through the Census Bureau. These are really Census figures.

Mr. BATES. Yes, sir.

Mr. THOMAS. That is an estimate of 938,476.

With the authorized strength we now have of 1,739 men, and figured on the basis of estimated population, we are at 1.6 plus per 1,000 population, and asking for 111 additional men in this budget will bring the Department to a total of 1,850, or 1.9 plus policemen per 1,000 population, as the population now stands estimated.

În accordance with this formula, we should have 2,350 police in order to reach the 2.5 ratio per 1,000 population, or in other words 500 more, including the 111 in the 1948 budget, to bring us to that 2.5 ratio.

It is my understanding that the Commissioners have a plan to step this up over what is known as a 6-year plan, and we will gradually get a few men each year during this period through the graciousness of Congress, until we reach that point mentioned above, and we hope one of these days we will.

Mr. BATES. Chief, what extraterritorial services, we will call them, are there that you give over and beyond what we might call the municipal needs of the District? I think Commissioner Young called

y attention this morning to many services which you render to the ederal Government.

Mr. THOMAS. Yes, sir.

Mr. BATES. In protection of embassies, and all of that sort of thing which, from the standpoint of municipal activity, is over and above he normal needs.

Mr. THOMAS. Surely.

Mr. BATES. Just what are those services?

Mr. THOMAS. These figures are more or less interesting.

Mr. BATES. What do they embrace?

Mr. THOMAS. Constitution Hall detail, for instance. 873 hours 50 minutes in the 1945-46 fiscal year. 252 men used.

Mr. BATES. What did it cost?

Mr. THOMAS. The cost basis I do not have.

Mr. BATES. That is for Constitution Hall, I mean.

Mr. THOMAS. I have that broken down here as to costs in 1942 and 1941. That is broken down on a cost basis of $9.24 per day, or $4,869 for Constitution Hall.

Then we have the Presidential details.

Mr. BATES. Wait a minute. Constitution Hall, is that used by a private agency? Is it commercialized in any way, or admission fees charged?

Mr. THOMAS. Well, there are in some instances, I believe, but I am not absolutely in a position to tell you clearly on that. That is, whether or not there are admission fees and so forth, I could not say. Police service is more or less quasi-municipal.

Commissioner YOUNG. Mr. Chairman, may I explain?

Mr. BATES. Yes, sir.

Commissioner YOUNG. Constitution Hall is where frequently the President, or the President's family goes, and the Cabinets, and the diplomats, and it is a little different from the ordinary theater. They do ordinarily charge, I think. And I think they pay a tax.

Mr. BATES. Where do they have private assemblies by organizations, civic or otherwise, where they charge admission, and where do you insist on charging the expense to the cost of policing?

Mr. THOMAS. We do not, sir. For instance, Griffith Stadium. That is the ball park. We figured the man hours and the cost was $1.891.97 in 1942-43.

Mr. BATES. Is that outside the stadium or inside?

Mr. THOMAS. Outside.

Mr. BATES. Altogether outside?

Mr. THOMAS. Traffic control and so on, yes, sir. It is necessary they be maintained there in order to protect property and life and limb and so forth, and control traffic.

The Presidential details, in 1942-43, figured on a man-hour basis, amounted to $39,593.40.

Griffith Stadium, outside, $18,091.

Mr. BATES. You do not permit men to go inside the gates at Griffith Stadium at the expense of the District, do you?

Mr. THOMAS. Yes, sir. They have to go in to maintain order. In many instances, particularly on the opening days. For instance, on the 12th of April, which will be the opening day, we will possibly

have 30 or 40 men inside.

Mr. BATES. Well, after all, it does seem that that is pretty much of a private enterprise.

Mr. THOMAS. It is, yes, sir.

Mr. BATES. And it ought to assume police expense.

Mr. THOMAS. Yes, sir.

Mr. BATES. I can well understand how the crowds on the street must be subject to police regulation.

Mr. THOMAS. That is part of our work.

Mr. BATES. But I do not believe that in the other communities they permit the police officers to be used inside the gates to do patrol work and to keep order among the crowd.

Mr. THOMAS. Yes, sir.

Mr. BATES. It is made a condition of the permit that adequate police be retained at the expense of the enterprise usually.

Mr. THOMAS. That is right. That is my impression.

Mr. BATES. Not only in that respect, but what about the football games which are highly commercialized here?

Mr. THOMAS. Yes, sir.

Mr. BATES. That is the professional games. Do the taxpayers of the District pay the cost of maintaining order inside the stadium and providing police protection?

Mr. THOMAS. When they are called they have to be there, Mr. Congressman.

Mr. BATES. It is not a question of being called. It is a question of whether or not they are permanently located there once your gates are opened.

Mr. THOMAS. They are.

Mr. BATES. How many of them?

Mr. THOMAS. On the footoball opening detail, we have had as many as 80 men all told, including traffic officers and other men outside and inside.

Mr. BATES. How many would be outside?

Mr. THOMAS. I would say at least 50 percent of them.

Mr. BATES. And 50 percent inside?

Mr. THOMAS. Yes, sir.

Mr. BATES. A private police force?

Mr. THOMAS. I might qualify this. They do ask those men who are off duty, on their day off, if they would like to volunteer. They get no pay, of course, and many of them do respond in full uniform and go in and handle it just to see the game. This service is a pass to get in.

Mr. BATES. We have no objection to a man giving his time and effort to see a game, if he wants to do some work for it. But I am inquiring about what the taxpayers are paying for it.

Mr. THOMAS. I should like to qualify my remarks concerning the force there, because I do not have the figures of the men actually detailed there by personal request.

Mr. BATES. What is your personal opinion as to the private enterprise and the commercial activities?

Do we provide police protection and fire protection inside the football and baseball games, and also the fighting arenas?

Mr. THOMAS. Yes, sir.